Non-gaurding , Pelagic

1. Non-gaurding , Pelagic Alwife - inshore waters, eggs settle High fecundity High early stage mortality Gizzard shad - Often move up rivers, eggs drift down

2. Non-gaurding , Pelagic Freshwater drum eggs float on surface until hatch Paddlefish eggs are sticky when fertilized, adhere to the first thing they touch

3. Non-gaurding , Benthic – fine substrate Spottail shiners spawn on gravel and silt substrates

4. Non-gaurding , Benthic - Crevice Spotfin shiners use rock crevices to hold eggs

5. Non-gaurding , Benthic –vegetation Northern pike prefer flooded vegetation in backwaters

6. Non-gaurding , Benthic –vegetation Banded killifish spawn gets entangled in aquatic vegetation

7. Non-gaurding , Benthic – coarse bottom Lake trout and lake whitefish spawn over large broken coble areas

8. Non-gaurding , Benthic – stream Pacific salmon and brown trout dig redds – clean gravel where stream water upwells

9. Non-gaurding , Benthic – stream Brook trout exclusively use groundwater upwelling areas in lakes and streams

10. Guarding , Nests – nests of plants Guarding means higher survival Sticklebacks make nests of algae and macrophytes and then lay eggs inside the nests

11. Gaurding , Benthic – Underside of rocks Both round gobies and Johnny darters spawn under rocks, attaching the eggs to the underside of the rocks Aggressive defense can incur high costs to parents or death

12. Gaurding , Nests – gravel Common in centrachids also lamprey, nests are often fanned to increase water flow and remove sediments American brook lamprey Smallmouth bass

13. Gaurding , Nests – Holes and burrows Catfish and bullheads make burrows or use existing holes Noodling Time: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zOjA8Puh1BM

14. Gaurding , Nest – fine sediment Crappie nests associated with vertical vegetation in fine sediments

15. Livebearers , (none native) Mosquitofish 60 -100 progeny per brood, born live, male has modified anal fin to impregnate female Why bear live young?

16. Spawning variants Multiple strategies: Bluegill – parental care or Cuckolder Female mimic http://publish.uwo.ca/~bneff/research_beea.htm

17. Spawning variants How often: Semelparous = once, Iteroparous = more then once

18. Fish evolve to spawn in different locations Temiscamie – strain Tributary spawner Little Tupper strain Shoal spawner Assinica- strain Outlet spawner Why...think about the emerged fry!

19. Embryonic Development

20. What do you mean “larval fish”? Adult Embryo Larvae

21. Diversity of Larvae American Eel

22. Diversity of Larvae Lake Sturgeon Lake Trout Yellow Perch

23. Diversity of Larvae Brown Bullhead Northern Pike Largemouth Bass

24. Theories of Development • Saltational: Gradual punctuated by stages of rapid, distinct change • Gradual: All distinct stages are arbitrary • Truth?

25. People are not fish Yolk

26. Early Life History Stages • Embryonic period • Larval Period • Juvenile Period

27. See Photo

28. Embryonic Period

29. Embryonic Period: Cleavage Phase • From fertilization to recognizable predecessors of the neural plate and other organ systems. Zebrafish embryo stages

30. Embryonic Period: Embryonic Phase • Embryo recognizable as a vertebrate • Major organ systems appear • Ends at hatching

31. Embryonic Period: Free Embryo Phase • Embryo is free of egg membranes, but still depends on yolk for nourishment • No longer curled up, starts to resemble adult fish • Ends when capable of capturing food

32. Some Ecology Temperature and Development of Fish at Hatch Pygmy Sunfish (Warm water) Lake Trout (Coldwater) Temperature also effects how long egg stage lasts

33. Egg Size • Larger eggs more developed at hatching Herring: eggs, newly hatched, and 7-10 months Precocial: Good predators at yolk depletion (Short Larvae) Altricial: Mouths just formed at yolk depletion (Long Larvae) Newly Hatched Steelhead

34. Substrate Size and Egg Survival

35. Yolk Size of Various Fishes

36. Larval Stage Bongo Nets

37. Lentic vs. Lotic • Lentic Fish often have pelagic larvae • Major period of dispersal • Major period of mortality • Lotic Fish often have benthic larvae • Avoid being swept away • Exist for short periods, under heavy cover

38. Strength of Year Class • Match/Mismatch Hypothesis • Food and other conditions are good for survival = strong year class • Food is abundant • Predators are not abundant • Temperature is appropriate • Cues for Spawning • Several factors can disrupt matching and result in weak year classes

39. Match/Mismatch Plankton Peak Ideal Match

40. Match/Mismatch

41. Food Abundance • Nutrient levels • Temperature • Lower-level match/mismatch dynamics • Number of competitors • Water chemistry

42. Food Abundance Fluctuations

43. Water Temperature • Thermal cues for spawning • Weather: Shallow areas variable • Varies from system to system • Upwelling a large cause of fluctuations in lakes

44. Temperature and Recruitment

45. 300 250 200 Collected Number of Midges 150 100 50 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 Water Temperature (Degrees Celsius) Temperature and Food

46. Predator Abundance • More predators = more mortality • Location, location, location! • Temperature also

47. Wind Effects on Temperature, Food, and Predators

49. Esocidae (Pikes) Grass pickerel Muskellunge Northern pike

50. Identification PoresPickerel – 4Pike – 5Muskie – 6-9 Branchial. RaysPickerel – 12Pike – 14-16Muskie – 16-19 Identify with pores and or branchiostegal rays