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Communications

Communications. Dr Joan Harvey. Barriers to effective communication. Communicator issues Problems encoding the message Credibility of communicator Attractiveness of the communicator. Communications barriers: message issues. Cognitive or affective appeals?

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Communications

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  1. Communications Dr Joan Harvey

  2. Barriers to effective communication • Communicator issues • Problems encoding the message • Credibility of communicator • Attractiveness of the communicator

  3. Communications barriers: message issues • Cognitive or affective appeals? • Message interrupted by noise -neural or psychological • Information overload • One sided or two sided • Primacy or recency

  4. Communications barriers: message issues cont • Size of attitude discrepancy • N of points and repetition • Summarise the message

  5. Communications barriers: audience effects • Threatening the ego • Resistance to persuasion: • Self esteem • Inner directed • Need for social approval • Depressed • Strong ideological beliefs • Internal locus of control • Public commitment • Mood and emotion effects • Feedback

  6. Communications cycle • Information • Encode • Transmit • Audience • Decode • Feedback

  7. Impression management • Ingratiation • Opinion conformity • Mixing agreement with disagreement • Initial disagreement followed by agreement • Favour doing • Flattery • Other enhancement • Must be credible • Timing, frequency and discernment important • Self enhancement • Find out what target thinks is attractive and adopt it

  8. IM continued • Self promotion • to be perceived as competent rather than to be liked • Intimidation • to be feared • Exemplification • managing impression of integrity, self sacrifice & moral worthiness • Supplication • exploiting own weaknesses

  9. IM continued • Indirect IM techniques • Use associations with positive others • E.g. celebrity endorsements • Acclaiming • Explain a desirable event to give maximum desirable implications for yourself • Non-verbal IM tactics • Facial expressions, posture, • TA techniques

  10. Protective IM • Accounts are “statements made to explain untoward behaviour and bridge the gap between actions and expectation” • Motive talk • Neutralisation • Excuses and justifications • Quasi-theories • Aligning actions

  11. Communications and IM cont • Excuses • Appeal to accidents • Appeal to defeasibility • Appeal to biological drives • Scapegoating • Justifications • Denial of injury • Denial of the victim • Condemn the condemners • Appeal to loyalties

  12. Other protective IM behaviours • Disclaimers and hedging • Credentialing • Sin licences • Cognitive disclaimers • Appeal to suspension of judgement • Self handicapping • Apologies

  13. Examples of different types of IM behaviour Social desirability- to make ones self appear in best light Social approval- to give answers that you think the other person is wanting Self-deceptive enhancement- to deliberately over-report good behaviour and under-report poor behaviour

  14. Other examples of IM behaviours • Politicians caught in problem situations • Mismanagement by UK Govt of health scares such as BSE • Responses of industry eg Monsanto and GM foods • Mox fuel crisis for BNF

  15. Different types of IM behaviour • Attributive or repudiative tactics- ascribe positive traits to self and deny existence of negative ones • Ingratiatory behaviours • Concern with maintenance of face • Machiavellian behaviour • Willingness vs unwillingness to communicate positive and negative information

  16. Language • Redundancy and generative power • Structure of language e.g. processing times for form filling • Meaning of language differences • Social class [Bernstein] • Cultural differences [Argyle etc]

  17. Non-verbal communication • Personal space and social distance • Reflective listening • Non verbal cues • Posture • Gesture • Gait • Facial expressions

  18. And finally • Visual, audio or written? • It depends • Simple messages, V-A-W • Complex messages- Written best • Also gender differences

  19. Thank you for listening • Joan Harvey • School of Psychology, Newcastle University • PEF, CZU

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