PROTISTS AND FUNGI

1. PROTISTS AND FUNGI

2. Fungi Kingdom • Eukaryotes • Use spores to reproduce • Heterotrophs that feed in a similar way • Need warm, moist places to grow • Examples: yeast, molds, mildew, and mushrooms

3. Kingdom Fungi • The word Fungus comes from Latin word meaning sponge.The plural of fungus is fungi. • Like plants,fungi often grow in soil but they cannot make food from sunlight. • The stalk and the head of the toadstool are the fungi's fruiting body .This releases tiny spores.New fungus grow from these.Fungi begin to reproduce when one mass of underground threads meet another (+ & - strains) of the same species they grow and produce a new fruiting body.

5. The fungal hyphae grows into food then secrete digestive chemicals into food & absorb it • Stolons – horizontal hyphae • Rhizoids- hyphae forming rootlike structures

6. Fungi -Obtaining food • Use a structure called hyphae to get their food. • Except for yeast which are unicellular. • Hyphae: threadlike, cytoplasm-filled tubes with nuclei • Shape of fungi depends on how hyphae used.

7. Fungi Classification by Reproduction • People used to think that fungi were plants. But because they are absorptive heterotrophs they are not producers and are consumers instead • They have cell walls made of chitin--a polysacchride like sugar or starch (instead of cellulose in plant cells) • Fungi are classified by how they reproduce. They produce ascospores (yeast) basidiospores, (mushrooms) , zygospores (bread mold), fungi imperfecti (yeast infections)

8. Reproduction in Fungi • Produce thousands of spores with a protective covering: carried by water and air. • spores land in a warm, moist place they form more fungi

9. Reproduction in Fungi • When there is plenty of moisture, fungi reproduce asexually by releasing spores. • When conditions are not good, they reproduce sexually.

10. Yeast are unicellular, they reproduce by budding. A well fed cell grows from the body of the mother cell and breaks off from the mother.

11. Four classifications of Fungi • Threadlike - produce spores in their threadlike hyphae (ex. Bread mold) • Saclike - produce spores in structures that look like sacs (ex. Yeast)

12. Club - produce spores in structures that look like clubs (ex. Mushrooms) • Imperfect - those that cannot reproduce sexually (ex. Penicillin)

13. Harmful Fungi • Many mushrooms are poisonous, hallucinogens and even fatal (Amanita--> death cap) • Many fungi are parasitic and cause diseases like ringworm, athletes foot, • Can rot and contaminate foods • Can destroy almost every type of product or food aside from some plastics • Black Mold in Buildings • Building a House: Recipe for Disaster

14. Beneficial Fungi • The mycorrhizal fungi live as partners with plants, helping them absorb nutrients • People eat mushrooms, truffles and other fungi, citric acid in Coke • Fungi are decomposers like bacteria and help to recycle organic matter to inorganic = saprophytic • Yeasts are used in making bread, wine, beer, solvents, cheese. • Drugs made from fungi cure diseases and stop the rejection of transplanted hearts and other organs. • Fungi are also grown in large vats to produce flavorings for cooking, vitamins and enzymes for removing stains. • Beneficial Protists & Fungi

15. Kingdom Protista • All protists are eukaryotes. This means that their cells contain a nucleus, a membrane-bounded structure that encloses the cell's genetic material. • Some protists are autotrophs like plants, others are consumers like animals. Unlike plants and animals, however, protists do not have cells organized into specialized tissues.

16. Protista Classified by Nutrition • The first detailed descriptions of protists were made in 1676 by the inventor of the microscope, Dutch naturalist Leewenhoek. • The term Protista was first used in 1862 by the German biologist Haeckel to describe microscopic organisms that were neither animallike nor plantlike • The classification is currently based on the structure and organization of the cell, the presence of organelles, and the pattern of reproduction or life cycles. The five-kingdom system divides the Protista into 27 phyla. However, classifications based on comparisons of cell physiology and DNA sequences suggest that many protist phyla may be sufficiently large and diverse to be classified as kingdoms.

17. 3 categories of Protists: • Animal-like • Fungus-like • Plant-like

18. AutotrophicProtists are called “Algae”. Scientists believe they gave rise to the kingdome Plantae • IngestiveHeterotrophic protists are called “Protozoa”. Scientists believe they gave rise to the kingdom Animalia • Absorptive heterotrophic protists are called “Slimemolds”. Scientists believe they gave rise to the kingdom Fungi

19. Animal-like Protists (Protozoans) *Unicellular Heterotrophs *Four groups based on movement: those with flagella, cilia, pseudopods, and the ‘others’.

20. Protozoans with Pseudopods • Pseudopods also called ‘false feet’ • Cell membrane pushes in one direction & the cytoplasm flows into the bulge. • This allows the protozoan to move, dragging the rest of the cell behind it.

21. Pseudopod Movement EXAMPLE OF HOW PSEUDOPODS MOVE FLOW PUSH DRAG

22. Pseudopods & Feeding They can form pseudopods to surround & trap food. Then form a food vacuole to break down food in the cytoplasm.

23. Pseudopods • Reproduce by mitosis • Contractile vacuole - it collects extra H2O & expels it from cell • Thin cell membrane • No definite shape. • Example - Amoeba

24. Protozoans with cilia • Cilia - hairlike structures - help organisms move, get food and sense environment. • Multicellular with 2 nuclei. • 1 nuclei controls everyday functions • 1 nuclei is for reproduction. • Reproduce by mitosis or conjugation.

25. Ciliates • Oral groove lined with cilia - moves H20 containing food into food vacuole at end of oral groove. • Food vacuole breaks down food and sends through cell. • Anal pore sends out waste. • Example of protozoan w/ cilia: paramecium.

26. CONTRACTILE VACUOLE CILIA FOOD VACUOLE ORAL GROOVE FOOD VACUOLE ANAL PORE

27. Protozoans with flagella • Organisms called zooflagellates • Use long whiplike part called flagella to move. • These usually live inside other organisms.

28. Other Protozoans • Called sporozoans - parasites • Feed on cells & body fluids of hosts • Sporozoans like Plasmodium (causes malaria) have more than 1 host: mosquitoes and then humans

29. Funguslike Protists • Like animals, they are heterotrophs • Like plants, they have cell walls • Reproduce by spores (tiny cells that can grow into a new organism) • Not in fungi kingdom because they can move at one point in their lives. • Example are water or slime molds.

30. Plantlike Protists • Better known as algae • Autotrophs • Size: unicellular to very large • Contain different pigments so they come in different colors. • Euglena: special type of algae -when there is no sunlight they become heterotrophic.

31. Beneficial Protists • Used as insect pathogens • used in ice cream, soups, nori (seaweed in sushi), jello, agar, vitamin supplements • ancient dinoflagellates formed oil deposits • bioluminescent • diatoms mined for fine abrasives in silver polish and toothpaste and as packing in air and water filters • marine phytoplankton make up ~70% of the oxygen on the planet Diatom Detectives

32. Harmful Protists • Produce a nerve poison in shellfish that kills humans and fish in red tide • Cause diseases: Chaga’sdisease, Malaria, 2, Lyme disease, diarrhea, toxoplasmosis, dysentary, Trypanosomaisis, 2, Leishmaniasis, 2, Toxoplasma, Cryptospiridium, Leishmaniasis, Brain Amoeba • Cause mold and mildew which can spoil food and cause allergic reactions

33. Similarities and Differences in the Protist Kingdom • All are eukaryotes (cells with nuclei). • Live in moist surroundings. • Unicellular or multicellular. • Autotrophs, heterotrophs, or both. • Some can move - others cannot.