Sub-Saharan Africa

1. Sub-Saharan Africa • Current News and Weather • Setting the Boundaries • Physical Geography • Population and Settlement • Cultural Coherence and Diversity • Economic and Social Development • Return Exam 2 • For Next Class: Read Chapter 7

2. Africa south of the Sahara Desert • 48 states plus one territory • Young population • Heavy burden of slave trade and colonialism • Known for poverty, disease, violence, and refugees Setting the Boundaries

3. Plateau Continent • Extensive uplift • Great Escarpment • Rift Valley zone • Volcanic mountains • River systems • Congo, Nile, Niger, Zambezi Physical Landscape Victoria Falls Figure 6.3

4. Bisected by equator • Climates and vegetation patterns are almost a mirror image • Abrupt escarpment near the coast • Absence of major mountain ranges • Few good natural harbors Interesting Observations

5. Describe the climate zones you pass through as you travel from the Equator south to the Tropic of Capricorn. Climate

6. African Biomes Deserts Figure 6.8 Tropical Forest Savanna Figure 6.5 Figure 6.7

11. Environmental Issues – Overview Figure 6.9

12. Sahel • Zone of ecological transition • Transhumance • Desertification • Prolonged Drought • Overgrazing • Colonial influence on agriculture Desertification in the Sahel Adequate rain produces surplus crops, Niger Figure 6.10

13. Land Cover and Conservation Changes Figure 6.1.1 1975 2003 Satellite images, southern Niger

14. Deforestation in Madagascar • Issues: • Increased run off • Soil erosion • Shortage of biofuels • Wildlife habitat • NGOs and Green Belt Movements Deforestation Figure 6.12 Wood fuel in Ethiopia Figure 6.11

15. Wildlife Reserves • East Africa • Southern Africa • Cyber Tracker • CITES • Ban on Ivory Trade Wildlife Conservation White Rhino, a protected and endangered species Figure 6.13

16. Figure 6.14 • Global climate change • Highly vulnerable regions • Famine Food Insecurity Mapping food insecurity

17. Sahel • Zone of ecological transition • Transhumance • Desertification • Prolonged Drought • Overgrazing • Colonial influence on agriculture Desertification in the Sahel Adequate rain produces surplus crops, Niger Figure 6.10

18. Land Cover and Conservation Changes Figure 6.1.1 1975 2003 Satellite images, southern Niger

19. Deforestation in Madagascar • Issues: • Increased run off • Soil erosion • Shortage of biofuels • Wildlife habitat • NGOs and Green Belt Movements Deforestation Figure 6.12 Wood fuel in Ethiopia Figure 6.11

20. Figure 6.14 • Global climate change • Highly vulnerable regions • Famine Food Insecurity Mapping food insecurity

21. Scattered rural populations • Physiological density • # of people per unit of arable land • Agricultural density • # of farmers per unit of arable land Population and Settlement Figure 6.18

22. High TFR • Declining family size Demographic Indicators – Fertility Large family in Senegal Figure 6.15

23. High rates of infection • Social and economic implications • Antiretroviral therapies • AIDS prevention education HIV/AIDS Figure 6.16

24. Figure 6.19 • Subsistence Agriculture • Swidden • Plantation Agriculture • Pastoralism • Tsetse Flies Settlement Patterns – Rural Coffee in Ethiopia Figure 6.20 Pastoralists with camels

25. Pre-Colonial urban networks • Rapidly growing Settlement Patterns – Urban • Urban to rural migration • Slums, crime, traffic Figure 6.21 Growing urban poor in Luanda, Angola

26. Sub-Saharan African identity • Slavery • Colonialism • Struggles for independence and development • Diverse political, religious, and language systems Cultural Coherence and Diversity Common History

27. Linguistic Diversity Multilingual sign Figure 6.27 Figure 6.25

28. Figure 6.28 Religious Diversity Christian Landscape > Muslim Landscape Figure 6.29

29. Globalization and African Culture Figure 6.31

30. Globalization and African Culture Music Festival in Mali Distance runners of Kenya and Ethiopia Figure 6.33 Figure 6.32

31. 800 m World Record David Rudisha – Kenya http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YKEOjWEzVGs

32. Figure 6.35 • Early European contact • Berlin Conference • 1884, likened to a game of Monopoly • Pan-African Movement European Imprint Colonization in 1913

33. Conflict and Population Movements Figure 6.39

34. Legacies of Colonial Boundaries • Tribalism vs. the State • Ethnic Conflicts • Secessionist Movements Political Conflict Figure 6.41 Somalia divided

35. Conflict Diamonds Diamond miners in Sierra Leone Figure 6.4.1 Funds from illicit diamond sales funded armed conflict Figure 6.4.2

36. Lack of Infrastructure • Colonialism • Structural Adjustment Policies (SAPs) • Unsustainable Debt • Food Policies • Corruption African Poverty Figure 6.42 Figure 6.43 Uncompetitive Industry

37. Aid vs. Investment Links to the Global Economy Figure 6.45

38. Economic Differentiation Mobile phones in Kenya Oil tanker in Equatorial Guinea Figure 6.44 Figure 6.46

39. Social Development African women in the workforce and politics Ugandan school children Figure 6.47 Figure 6.48

40. Structural Adjustment Policies (SAPs) • SAPs have crippled Sub-Saharan African countries • Tied to neoliberal economic theory and implemented by the IMF and World Bank • Four key elements: • Reschedule foreign debt payments • Decrease state spending • Increase exports • Privatize economy Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff

41. Adjustment with a Human Face • Gradualism in economic growth • Small-scale production • Shift in public spending to meet basic needs first • Target scarce state support to very poor • Community participation in covering costs Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff

42. Exam 2 • Max: 99 • Min: 73 • Mean: 45