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CH. 11 Thinking and Language

CH. 11 Thinking and Language. Thinking. Changing and reorganizing the info stored in memory to create new info Units of Thought Building Blocks to thoughts. prototype. concept. symbol. images. Images. Visual mental representation of an event or object Like a highlight film. Symbol.

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CH. 11 Thinking and Language

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  1. CH. 11 Thinking and Language

  2. Thinking • Changing and reorganizing the info stored in memory to create new info • Units of Thought • Building Blocks to thoughts prototype concept symbol images

  3. Images • Visual mental representation of an event or object • Like a highlight film

  4. Symbol • Thought that represents object quality • There is no concrete existence words ? numbers 1217 icons

  5. Concept • Label for class of objects or event that has at least one attribute in common (linked to networks) • Animals (dog, cat, horse, cow) • Food (linked to meat, veggie, fruit) • Music (rap, country, opera, rock) • Liquids (beverage, oil, soup) • Autos (truck, car, SUV)

  6. Prototypes • Representative of a concept (has characteristics of) • Animals • Food • Music • Liquids • autos

  7. Rule • More concrete statement of relation between concepts • “Person can’t be in two places at once” • “mass remains constant despite changes in appearance”

  8. Kinds of Thinking • Directed Thinking- systematic and logical attempt to reach a certain goal or answer • Solving math problem Formulate rules, set them, work toward goal PURPOSEFUL

  9. Kinds of Thinking • Nondirected Thinking • Free flowing thoughts no plan • Lots of imagery, feelings • daydreaming

  10. Kinds of Thinking • Metacognition • Thinking about thinking  • Strategy may change if needed • Graphic organizers, outlines, editing

  11. Problem Solving • Directed Thinking • Strategies • Subgoals – break it down • Use previous strategies if it worked if not need new strategy Fly or drive from Atlanta?

  12. Problem Solving • Algorithm – step by step procedure for problem solving • Heuristics- rule of thumb (shortcuts) • Not always good though p. 299 Figure 11.3

  13. Obstacles to problem solving • Mental set – habitual strategy or pattern to problem solving • Functional fixedness – inability to give new functions for familiar objects

  14. Rigidity – • Flexibility overcomes rigidity • Possible but have to be taught to think and analyze from many perspectives

  15. Creativity • Capacity to use information and/or abilities in a new and original way

  16. Problem Solving • Recombination – rearranging elements of a problem to arrive at original solution • Matchsticks Sir Isaac Newton “If I have seen further it is because It is by standing on the shoulders of giants”

  17. Problem Solving • Insight – apparent sudden realization of solution to problem • After resistance to all problem-solving efforts and strategies • “AHA!”

  18. Use your Thunker • A man and his two sons want to get across the river. The boat they have available can hold a maximum of only 200 pounds. The father weighs 200 pounds and the sons weigh 100 pounds each. • How can all 3 people cross the river?

  19. Language • Phonemes – an individual sound that is a basic structural element of language • t e sh I English language uses about 43 Some languages use as few as 15 and others 85

  20. Language • Morphemes – smallest unit of meaning un ly re ed s Can be a word, prefix, suffix, or a letter

  21. Language • Syntax – language rules on how to form meaningful phrases • Determine the logical order of these 2 • Store I to meet a to friend went Judy and the. 2. Oldest world the today Russia lives person in the in.

  22. Language • Semantics – the study of meaning or extracting meaning in language • She and he both have brought some baggage into the marriage • “I’m down with that.” • “Can I get your digits?” • K • lol • “Her milkshake brings all the boys to the yard.”

  23. BF Skinner • Children learn language as a result of operant conditioning • Reinforcement and praise Nurture Norm Chomsky • Inherit mental program enabling to learn grammar • Nature

  24. Stages of language development • babbling 4 months • Oooh ,eeeh, dadadada • uttering single words 12 months • Dada, baba, dog, • Placing words together to express ideas 2 yrs • Me turn, you up Forming complex compound sentences by 4 yrs • I am going to ride my bike

  25. The Dynamics of Intelligence • Mental Retardation • a condition of limited mental ability • indicated by an intelligence score below 70 • produces difficulty in adapting to the demands of life • varies from mild to profound • Down Syndrome • retardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra chromosome in one’s genetic makeup

  26. The Dynamics of Intelligence

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