Geographic Information System

1. Geographic Information System Geog 258: Maps and GIS February 17, 2006

2. Outlines • What is GIS? • What can GIS do? • GIS applications • Components of GIS • What is special about GIS? • GIS and geographic questions

3. What is GIS? • An information system that is designed to work with geographically referenced data Image from esri.com • Information system: hardware, software, database • Geographically referenced data: coordinate system

4. What is GIS?Different views • Functionalities view • A system for capturing, storing, retrieving, manipulating, analyzing, and displaying data which are spatially referenced to the Earth -- Chorley, 1987 • Information system view • Geographic Information System (GIS) is a kind of Information System (IS) designed to work with geographically referenced data • Database view • A database system with specific capabilities for spatially-referenced data, as well as a set of operations for working [analysis] with the data -- Start and Estes, 1990 • Disciplinary view • GIS as a multidisciplinary science: GIS is an integrated multidisciplinary science consisting of the following traditional disciplines.

5. Themes are organized spatially • GIS organizes the information about place by layers

6. Themes are put into a computer Modeling the phenomenon… Group of spatial objects with related entity type e.g. city layer, SARS layer, Tornado layer Layers Abstraction Digital Representation of Spatial Entities e.g. point, line, polygon Spatial Objects Phenomenon of interest in the real world Spatial Entities e.g. urban growth, Tornado movement SARS spread, crime, consumer behavior Putting the geography into a computer…

7. Link between where and what • In most of GIS, spatial objects are linked to attributes • What about the link between where and when? Representing in computer…

8. Multidisciplinary Science • Geography • Mathematics • Remote Sensing • Cartography • Surveying • Geodesy • Statistics • Computer Science • Operations Research

9. Spatial Component • Almost everything that happens, happens somewhere. • Estimates are that 80% of all data has a spatial component. • Knowing where something happens is of critical importance to our daily life and others • Data from most sciences can be analyzed “spatially”.

10. Spatial Query

11. “The application of GIS is only limited by the imagination of those who use it.” • Archaeology, agriculture, banking, defense and intelligence, electric and gas, engineering- pipeline, engineering- surveying, federal government, fire/EMS/disaster/homeland security, forestry, health and human services, insurance, education, landscape architecture, law enforcement and criminal justice, libraries and museums, location service, marine/cost/oceans, media, mining/earth science, natural resources, petroleum, real estate, retail business, state and local government, telecommunications, transportation, universities, and water/wasterwater

12. Network solutions

13. Ecosystem management

14. 3D mine with well data

15. Environmental monitoring toxic plume

16. Site location and client distance

17. Modeling of future trends

18. Components of GIS

19. Components of GIS: hardware • Equipment needed to support the many activities of GIS ranging from data collection to data analysis • Data acquisition: surveying equipments, GPS receiver, remote sensing equipments, digitizer, scanner • Data compilation/analysis: workstation • Data publishing: web-server, mobile computing device

20. Components of GIS: software • The definition of GIS by functionalities: A system for capturing, storing, retrieving, manipulating, analyzing, and displaying data which are spatially referenced to the Earth • So GIS software provides those functionalities

21. Components of GIS: data • Core of GIS • Kinds of geographic data are extensive • Satellite image • Maps • Table • Metadata: data about data, documents characteristics of data • Accounts for 70-80% of GIS projects in the early stage • Impact of internet is huge; geographic data is increasingly accessible to the general public

22. What is special about GIS? Integration • Most problems exist in a geographic context. GIS puts various themes together.

23. What is special about GIS? Visualization • Maps are worth a thousand words “A map is worth a thousand word”

24. What is special about GIS? Transformation • Data: raw facts, context-free • Information: interpretative facts • Knowledge: understand the reason by the knower • GIS transform data into information and knowledge by integrating data of different kinds and sources

25. GIS and geographic questions Form & process • How it looks? Form  pattern • How it works? Process  prediction • GIS can help you understand process by examining form How it looks: the pattern of high job accessibility concentrated along interstate highway How it works: the relationship between job accessibility and transportation network

26. GIS and geographic questions General & specific • General theory is important, but context-dependent idiosyncrasy is important also • GIS analysis allows you to understand the world better by combining general knowledge with specific information Process of landslides can be understood better by applying general rules to information derived from layers at the local area