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Principles and Practices of Sugar Bush Management

Principles and Practices of Sugar Bush Management. Module 4 – Sugar Bush Problems. The Principles and Practices of Sugar Bush Management. Workshop Outline: Module 1: Introduction Module 2: Management Planning Module 3: Marking and Harvesting Module 4: Sugar Bush Problems

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Principles and Practices of Sugar Bush Management

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  1. Principles and Practices of Sugar Bush Management Module 4 – Sugar Bush Problems Sugar Bush Management: Module 4 - Sugar Bush Problems

  2. The Principles and Practices of Sugar Bush Management • Workshop Outline: • Module 1: Introduction • Module 2: Management Planning • Module 3: Marking and Harvesting • Module 4: Sugar Bush Problems • Module 5: Maple Orchards • Module 6: Maple Facts Sugar Bush Management: Module 4 - Sugar Bush Problems

  3. Tree health and vigour What can go wrong with your maples? Insects, disease, physical damage….. It’s all stress Sugar Bush Management: Module 4 - Sugar Bush Problems

  4. Site quality influences: health and vigour growth and yield susceptibility to stressors such as insects or disease proportion of good quality (AGS) trees to poor quality (UGS) trees Site quality Sugar Bush Management: Module 4 - Sugar Bush Problems

  5. Sugar Maple grows on a wide range of site types shallow to deep soil pure sands to silt loams dry to moist moisture regimes grows best on deep well drained loams Site type Sugar Bush Management: Module 4 - Sugar Bush Problems

  6. Height ranges from 12 to 24m at age 50 Site index Sugar Bush Management: Module 4 - Sugar Bush Problems

  7. Site quality and growth and yield Sugar Bush Management: Module 4 - Sugar Bush Problems

  8. Shallow sites can lead to restricted root growth may result in Maple Decline leaves trees more susceptible to drought may leave trees more vulnerable to windthrow Shallow soil Sugar Bush Management: Module 4 - Sugar Bush Problems

  9. Severe droughts, as we had in 2001 are harmful to your trees leaf wilt and early drop young regeneration may be killed may increase Maple Decline Drought Sugar Bush Management: Module 4 - Sugar Bush Problems

  10. A condition caused by a variety of factors: overmature trees drought and restricted rooting depth insect defoliation stem and branch wounds and subsequent infection overstocking grazing and other factors Maple decline Sugar Bush Management: Module 4 - Sugar Bush Problems

  11. Premature leaf coloration and drop as early as August twigs and branches of increasing size die as the condition progresses Maple decline symptoms Sugar Bush Management: Module 4 - Sugar Bush Problems

  12. Insects of concern: defoliators boring insects sucking insects Problem Insects Sugar Bush Management: Module 4 - Sugar Bush Problems

  13. Defoliation- affects sap flow and sweetness May have cyclical peaks and lows Usually exist at low levels Defoliators Sugar Bush Management: Module 4 - Sugar Bush Problems

  14. hatch in spring and feed until the end of June does not make a tent, but does spin a mat for resting, and a cocoon for pupating eats majority of foliage, Maples may be killed if defoliated in successive years Forest Tent Caterpillar Sugar Bush Management: Module 4 - Sugar Bush Problems

  15. Forest Tent Caterpillar Forest Tent Caterpillar Eastern Tent Caterpillar Sugar Bush Management: Module 4 - Sugar Bush Problems

  16. hairless larvae hatch in late June larvae feed throughout July, eating the entire leaf except for the main veins often causes up to 3 years of successive defoliation, which may cause top dieback or tree mortality Saddled Prominent Sugar Bush Management: Module 4 - Sugar Bush Problems

  17. Saddled Prominent Sugar Bush Management: Module 4 - Sugar Bush Problems

  18. damage first noticed when foliage turns light brown in late summer. damage is caused by the leaf being mined out and small holes are also cut out repeated attacks reduce tree vigour and sugar content of sap Maple Leafcutter Sugar Bush Management: Module 4 - Sugar Bush Problems

  19. Orange eggs are laid on the lower trunk in the fall larvae spin down from the tree on silken threads when disturbed larvae feed for 5-7 weeks, cutting numerous holes in the leaves Bruce Spanworm Sugar Bush Management: Module 4 - Sugar Bush Problems

  20. adults oviposit eggs into maple bark, and the larvae hatch and feed on the outer sapwood this feeding kills the bark in that area, and the bark eventually falls off leaving the telltale scar The feeding area (gallery) appears as a shallow groove or channel Sugar Maple Borer Sugar Bush Management: Module 4 - Sugar Bush Problems

  21. Maintain a healthy sugar bush Remove overmature, low-vigor, and heavily infested sugar maples Pre-June harvest of infested trees will prevent reinfestation of the residual sugar maple. Because grazing reduces stand vigor, exclude livestock. Promote stand vigor through sound sugar maple management. Maintain well-stocked stands. Sugar Maple Borer Control Measures Sugar Bush Management: Module 4 - Sugar Bush Problems

  22. galleries do not usually extend around the entire tree, so the tree is not killed the scar is a weak point, and the tree may snap at this point in a windstorm extensive attacks often follow heavy thinnings, particularly on shallow, dry soils Sugar Maple Borer Sugar Bush Management: Module 4 - Sugar Bush Problems

  23. Occasional problems Carpenterworm Maple callus borer Horntails Other borers Sugar Bush Management: Module 4 - Sugar Bush Problems

  24. Asian Longhorn Beetle Serious Threat! • 1 to 1 1/2 inches in length • black and shiny with white spots • long distinguishable antennae that are banded with black and white.  Sugar Bush Management: Module 4 - Sugar Bush Problems

  25. Aphid species injure leaves reduce growth Sucking Insects Sugar Bush Management: Module 4 - Sugar Bush Problems

  26. Problem Diseases Sugar Bush Management: Module 4 - Sugar Bush Problems

  27. Two main types: fungal diseases heart rot, butt rot Armallaria canker diseases (also fungal) Eutypella Nectria Diseases Sugar Bush Management: Module 4 - Sugar Bush Problems

  28. Enter through stem and branch wounds Some cause interior (heart) rot spongy rot yellow cap fungus spine tooth fungus false tinder fungus mossy top fungus Fungal diseases Sugar Bush Management: Module 4 - Sugar Bush Problems

  29. Overtapping may also cause heart rot heart rot weakens trees volume losses fewer taps automatic UGS Fungal diseases Sugar Bush Management: Module 4 - Sugar Bush Problems

  30. Armillaria or shoestring root rot Fungal diseases • attacks low vigour trees • damages roots and the lower stem • often kills Sugar Bush Management: Module 4 - Sugar Bush Problems

  31. Armillaria or shoestring root rot Fungal diseases Sugar Bush Management: Module 4 - Sugar Bush Problems

  32. Perennial contagious automatic UGS Cankers Sugar Bush Management: Module 4 - Sugar Bush Problems

  33. a.k.a. cobra canker kills smaller trees >8 cm weakens larger trees remove infected trees when thinning Eutypella canker Sugar Bush Management: Module 4 - Sugar Bush Problems

  34. Eutypella canker Sugar Bush Management: Module 4 - Sugar Bush Problems

  35. Eutypella canker Sugar Bush Management: Module 4 - Sugar Bush Problems

  36. a.k.a. target canker weakens stem remove infected trees when thinning Nectria canker Sugar Bush Management: Module 4 - Sugar Bush Problems

  37. feed on younger bark in crown girdle and kill branches trees may resprout and recover Wildlife Damage Porcupine Sugar Bush Management: Module 4 - Sugar Bush Problems

  38. Wildlife Damage Porcupine Sugar Bush Management: Module 4 - Sugar Bush Problems

  39. feed on seedling and sapling bark travel under the snow trees may die or become deformed control through poisons use tree guards in plantations Mice and Voles Wildlife Damage Sugar Bush Management: Module 4 - Sugar Bush Problems

  40. Around wetlands may travel further in dry years provide valuable habitat control through: trapping, shooting Beaver Wildlife Damage Sugar Bush Management: Module 4 - Sugar Bush Problems

  41. Woodpeckers attack declining trees shorten lifespan provide valuable habitat Sapsuckers make small holes in stem do minor damage Woodpeckers and Sapsuckers Wildlife Damage Sugar Bush Management: Module 4 - Sugar Bush Problems

  42. Forest management can damage trees logging damage root breakage and compaction poor mainline setup overtapping Forest Operations Sugar Bush Management: Module 4 - Sugar Bush Problems

  43. New growth easily bruised and removed entry points for fungal spores root damage vs. stem and branch size of wound Logging Damage Sugar Bush Management: Module 4 - Sugar Bush Problems

  44. Road design damaged roots less nutrient and water uptake less starch storage point of infection for Armallaria Root Breakage & Compaction Sugar Bush Management: Module 4 - Sugar Bush Problems

  45. abrasions girdling protection other options fenceposts ironwood Improper Mainline Setup Sugar Bush Management: Module 4 - Sugar Bush Problems

  46. too many taps tapping trees under 10” commonly done health spiles stain and decay columns Overtapping Sugar Bush Management: Module 4 - Sugar Bush Problems

  47. Maintaining tree health and vigour is no accident monitor correct preventative actions careful logging appropriate tapping Conclusion Sugar Bush Management: Module 4 - Sugar Bush Problems

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