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Unit 9 : The Empire Strikes Back

Unit 9 : The Empire Strikes Back. Chapter 33. Safe for democracy? Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) war “ illegal ” ; >60 nations sign League of Nations fails to prevent aggressions & war…. Muzzled. The fear of entangling alliances kept the U.S. from joining the League of Nations.

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Unit 9 : The Empire Strikes Back

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  1. Unit 9:The Empire Strikes Back Chapter 33

  2. Safe for democracy? • Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) war “illegal”; >60 nations sign • League of Nations fails to prevent aggressions & war…

  3. Muzzled

  4. The fear of entangling alliances kept the U.S. from joining the League of Nations

  5. Japanese Expansion

  6. Italy vs. Ethiopia • Imperialism: 1935 • Modern Technology vs.

  7. Failure of the League *Economic sanctions *Ethiopia asks for assistance *Sanctions eventually lifted *Italy remains in Ethiopia; withdraws from L of N (1937)

  8. Francisco Franco (“El Caudillo”)

  9. Failure of the League (again) • Franco wins; remains neutral in WWII (civil war devastated Spain) • New weapons tested; bolsters German & Italian economy & morale

  10. 1936: • Germany invades Rhineland (violates Versailles Treaty); L of N takes no action • Rome-Berlin Axis • Anti-Comintern Treaty (anti-communist); Germany & Japan (Italy joins later) • Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan Germany

  11. 1938: • Anschluss -German troops march into Austria unopposed; L of N takes no action • Sudeten Crisis • Sudetenland (3 mil. Germans) – fortified, mountainous region given to Czech. after WWI • Nazi propaganda cause riots; Hitler invade to “protect” Germans

  12. Failure of Appeasement • Munich Conference (1938)

  13. Neville Chamberlain

  14. Unchecked Aggression (1939) • March - Czechoslovakia, Lithuania • April - Italy invades Albania • August - Nazi-Soviet Pact Sept. 1 – • Germany invades Poland (Hitler – Danzig had been“… torn from the fatherland”) (click once for 2nd 10 minutes)

  15. WWII Begins • The “Phony” War • GB & Fr declare war on Germany (Poland) • Countries mobilize • Soviets & Nazis expand (Eastern Europe) USSR Gains in 1939

  16. “Phony” War ends (1940) (5 clicks) • Apr - Germany invades Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Netherlands & Luxembourg • May - invasion of France • Germans follow new invasion plan (avoid Maginot Line)

  17. Evacuation at Dunkirk • Blitzkrieg (“lighting war”); Allies surrounded @ Dunkirk (French seaport) • GB evacuates civilians & >300,000 troops

  18. Fall of France • Jun, ‘40 - German offensive; Italy invades southern France • June 22 - armistice • Vichy Fr. (South) - Pétain (French WWI hero) forms a “dictatorial” gov’t • Occupied Fr. (North) – under German control

  19. Marshal Philippe Pétain – Leader of Vichy France

  20. By September of 1940 Hitler controlled all of the European mainland.

  21. Battle of Britain (Aug-Nov, ’40) • Luftwaffe hits civilian centers, railroads, industry,… • R.A.F. (Royal Air Force) – radar • Operation Sea Lion (German invasion of Britain) cancelled • Churchill Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few

  22. Nazi Expansion • Italians suffer multiple defeats • Germany invades Balkans & North Africa

  23. USSR & USA • A) Operation Barbarossa • June, ’41 - Germany invades USSR (GB & USA ally); Moscow & Leningrad under siege • Soviets use scorched earth (see Napoleon); extend German supply lines • Russian Winter – Stalingrad

  24. Russian Tanks

  25. B) US Involvement • 1937 - Neutrality Act • 1939 - Cash and Carry • 1941 - Lend-Lease Act (credit) • C) Atlantic Charter (1941) • Signed by Churchill & FDR (similar to 14 points) • 8 points - freedom to choose own gov’t, free trade, freedom of seas, a new international organization • FDR - “all aid short of war”

  26. PM, September 10, 1941, Dr. Seuss

  27. D) Japan attacks USA • Dec 7, ’41 - Japanese attack Pearl Harbor; >2,400 dead • US Congress declares war; Japanese expand • Bataan Death March • Japanese capture Guam, begin bombing the Philippines • Gen. Douglas MacArthur forced to leave Philippines – “I shall return” • ~78,000 Allied troops begin 68-mile march, ~54,000 make it to camp

  28. General Tojo Hideki Pearl Harbor

  29. “A date which will live in infamy”

  30. Bataan Death March

  31. Allies Gain the Edge • A) North Africa (1942-’43) • Gen. Erwin Rommel – the “Desert Fox”; leads German forces “Afrika Corps • Allies stop Nazi advance in Egypt; protect Suez Canal (key Allied possession for oil & troop movement) • British push west (from Egypt) • Americans push east (into Tunisia) • Rommel surrenders

  32. US Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower

  33. B) Italy (1943) • Allies invade “soft underbelly” through Sicily; 2nd front • Mussolini resigns; arrested • Italians surrender; declare war on Germany • C) Stalingrad (1943-’44) • Nazis seek Caucasus oilfields; head south surround Stalingrad • Nazis trapped by Soviets; urban warfare • Nazis surrender (>300,000 casualties); Kursk-largest tank • battle until Ramadan War

  34. War at Sea • Allies improve radar & sonar • “Enigma” codes broken; Allied codetalkers’ encryptions never broken • Coral Sea & Midway (1942) - US victories; Japanese navy crippled • “Island hopping” - capture strategic islands, set up air fields; bomb key targets

  35. German Enigma Cipher Machine

  36. Major Pacific Offensives

  37. VI) The End of WWII • A) Operation Overlord • Tehran- “Big Three” agree on a third front • June 6, ’44 - D-Day Invasion • Cross-channel assault • Germans unable to discover exact location of landing (Normandy, France) • Aug 1944: Allies enter Paris

  38. The “Big Three” at Tehran

  39. Invasion of Normandy

  40. Close of Normandy Beach

  41. B) Defeat of the Nazis • Allies advance (from: East – US; West – USSR; South – US, GB,…) • Battle of the Bulge (1944) - last Nazi counteroffensive (Belgium); Allies’ lines bend, but don’t break • Germans surrender in Italy (1945); Mussolini captured & killed • V-E Day – May 8, 1945 • Hitler commits suicide (Apr.) • Soviets capture Berlin; Germany surrenders

  42. Allied Advances

  43. The Soviet Advance (1943-’44)

  44. Battle of the Bulge

  45. Time Magazine Cover: 5/7/45

  46. C) Allied Victories in the Pacific • Gen. MacArthur returns to the Philippines • Iwo Jima-B-29s within range of Japan, Okinawa–staging area for amphibious assault upon Japan; Allies take islands w/ terrible losses – close to mainland Japan • Kamikazes - “Divine Wind”; 55 ships sunk, first time pilots, unrelenting Japanese fanaticism • 3/9- B-29s bomb Tokyo & other largest citie • D) Yalta Conference–Feb, ’45 –USSR, “Big Three” • Agree to temporarily divide Germany • Liberated areas of Europe-democratic elections • Soviet Union should enter the war • Discussed war trials

  47. Gen. Douglas MacArthur

  48. The “Big Three” at Yalta

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