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Evolution

Evolution. Birth of the Earth Evidence of Evolution Theory of Evolution Patterns of Evolution. Birth of the Earth. Evidence of Evolution. Evolution. Evolution: the change in the characteristics of a species over time

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Evolution

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  1. Evolution Birth of the Earth Evidence of Evolution Theory of Evolution Patterns of Evolution

  2. Birth of theEarth

  3. Evidence ofEvolution

  4. Evolution • Evolution: the change in the characteristics of a species over time • Today’s species descended from more ancient forms of life by structural and physiological modafications.

  5. Evidence from Fossils • Fossil: the remains or traces of a once-livings organism

  6. Evidence from Fossils

  7. Other Types of Fossils

  8. Dating Fossils

  9. Dating Fossils

  10. FossilRecord

  11. Evidence from Living Organisms • Common Ancestry • Homologous Structures • Vestigial Orgins • Biochemistry • Embryological Development

  12. Common Ancestry One common ancestor became different species by adapting to their changing environment

  13. Common Ancestry

  14. Homologous Structures Areas that may have differant functions (wing of a bat, arm of a human) but similar structures (bones)

  15. Homologous Structures

  16. Homologous Structures

  17. VestigialOrgans Organs that are no longer used for a function, but are still present

  18. Vestigial Organs

  19. Vestigial Organs

  20. BiochemistryHow closely related organisms are in protein structure

  21. Embryology • Embryo- an unborn baby in the process of developement • Embryology- the study of embryo stages • Embryology as evidence of evolution: All embryos look the same in the early stages, no matter how different the organisms

  22. Embryological Development

  23. Theory ofEvolution

  24. Evolutionary Theory Before Darwin • The first systematic presentation of evolution was put forth by the French scientist Jean Lamarck in 1809. • Lamarck described amechanism known as “theinheritance of acquiredcharacteristics.”

  25. Charles Darwin • In 1831 Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882) was chosen for the position of naturalist on the ship the HMS Beagle. The voyage around the world began in England.

  26. The Voyage of the Beagle • The Beagle was chartered for a five-year mapping and collecting expedition to South America and the South Pacific. • Darwin’s job as the ship’s naturalist was to collect specimens, make observations, and keeps careful records of anything he observed that he thought significant.

  27. The Voyage of the Beagle

  28. The Voyage of the Beagle

  29. Galápagos Islands

  30. Darwin in England • When Darwin returned to England in October 1836, his colections from the voyage were praised by the scientific community. • Darwin sent his bird collections from the Galápagos Islands to an ornithologist. • He reported that Darwin had collected 13 similar but separate species of finches. Each finch species had a distinctive bill specialized for a particular food source.

  31. Darwin in England • The similarities of the finches led Darwin to infer that the finches shared a common ancestor. The similarities between the fossil mammals Darwin also collected and modern mammals led him to believe that species change over time. • Darwin observed that fossils of similar relative ages are more closely related than those of widely different relative ages.

  32. Darwin in England

  33. Evolution by Natural Selection • Darwin stated: • variation exists among individuals of a species. • scarcity of resources in a growing population would lead to competition between individuals of the same species because all use the same limited resources. • such competition would lead to the death of some individuals, while others would survive.

  34. Evolution by Natural Selection • Darwin concluded that individuals having advantageous variations are more likely to survive and reproduce than those without the advantageous variations (fitness). • Natural Selection: process by which organisms with favorable variations survive and reproduce at a higher rate than those without • Adaptation: an inherited variation that increases an organism’s chance of survival in a particular environment

  35. Evolution by Natural Selection • Over many generations, an adaptation could spread throughout the entire species. • In this way, according to Darwin, evolution by natural selection would occur.

  36. Variationis the Raw Material of Natural Selection

  37. The Origin of Species • Darwin’s book The Origin of Speciesby Meansof NaturalSelectionwaspublishedin 1859.

  38. Patterns ofEvolution

  39. Patterns of Evolution • A. Divergent Evolution • B. Convergent Evolution • C. Coevolution

  40. Divergent Evolution • The process of two or more related species becoming more and more dissimilar • Examples: Galápagos finches, brown bear/polar bear • Adaptive Radiation: an evolutionary pattern in which many species evolve from a single ancestral species • Adaptive radiation most commonly occurs when a species of organisms successfully invades an isolated region where few competing species exist. If new habitats are available, new species will evolve.

  41. DivergentEvolution

  42. Convergent Evolution • The process by which unrelated species become more similar as they adapt to the same kind of environment • Examples: dolphins/sharks/whales/porpoises

  43. ? ConvergentEvolution

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