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Section 1. Human Origins in Africa. Fossil evidence shows that the earliest humans originate in Africa and spread across the globe. NEXT. SECTION. 1. continued Scientists Search for Human Origins. The Discovery of “Lucy” • Donald Johanson team finds female hominid in

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  1. Section 1 Human Origins in Africa Fossil evidence shows that the earliest humansoriginate in Africa and spread across the globe. NEXT

  2. SECTION 1 continued Scientists Search for Human Origins • The Discovery of “Lucy” • • Donald Johanson team finds female hominid in • Ethiopia in 1974 • • Nicknames 3.5 million-year-old skeleton “Lucy” • An opposable thumb enabled her to walk upright • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m8Lkk6u-wQM Continued . . . NEXT

  3. SECTION 1 continued The Old Stone Age Begins Homo erectus Develops Technology • Appeared about 1.6 million years ago in East Africa • Homo erectus, upright man, used intelligence to develop technology • Technology—ways of applying knowledge, tools, and inventions • Developed tools to dig, scrape, cut; became skillful hunters • First hominid to use fire; NEXT

  4. SECTION 2 Humans Try to Control Nature Early Advances in Technology and Art Tools Needed to Survive • Paleolithic (Old Stone Age) humans were nomads— moved in search of food • Hunted animals, collected plant foods—were hunter- gatherers NEXT

  5. SECTION 2 The Beginnings of Agriculture The Neolithic Revolution • Neolithic Revolution—agricultural revolution, began about 10,000 years ago • Nomadic women scattered seeds, then discovered crops growing • Shift from food-gathering to food-production a great breakthrough Causes of the Agricultural Revolution • Rising temperatures probably a key reason • Longer growing season, drier land for wild grasses • Constant supply of food led to population growth https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bhzQFIZuNFY Continued . . . NEXT

  6. SECTION 2 continued The Beginnings of Agriculture Domestication of Animals • Domestication—taming wild animals to ensure a constant source of food • Hunters and farmers tamed horses, dogs, goats, and pigs NEXT

  7. SECTION 3 How Civilization Develops Sumer https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u-n84sDBEB4 • Located in Mesopotamia, now part of modern Iraq • One of the first civilizations—a complex culture: - 1. advanced cities - 2. specialized workers - 3. complex institutions - 4. record keeping - 5. advanced technology Continued . . . NEXT

  8. SECTION 3 continued How Civilization Develops Complex Institutions •Institutions—(governments, religion, the economy) are established • Governments establish laws, maintain order with larger populations Specialized Workers • Labor becomes specialized—specific skills of workers developed • Artisans make goods that show skill and artistic ability Advanced Cities • Cities with larger populations arise, become centers of trade Continued . . . NEXT

  9. SECTION 3 continued How Civilization Develops Record Keeping • Professional record keepers, scribes, record taxes and laws • Scribes invent cuneiform, a system of writing about 3000 B.C. • People begin to write about city events https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QUcTsFe1PVs Improved Technology • New tools and techniques make work easier • The Bronze Age starts in Sumer around 3000 B.C. • People replace copper and stone with bronze to make tools, weapons NEXT

  10. Section 1 City-States in Mesopotamia The earliest civilization in Asia rises in Mesopotamia and organizes into city-states. NEXT

  11. SECTION 1 City-States in Mesopotamia Geography of the Fertile Crescent The Fertile Crescent • Fertile Crescent—arc of land between Persian Gulf and Mediterranean • Includes Mesopotamia—“land between the rivers” —a fertile plain • Tigris and Euphrates rivers flood once a year, leaving rich soil. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KY05g30v2Xo Continued . . . NEXT

  12. SECTION 1 continued Geography of the Fertile Crescent Environmental Challenges • Around 3300 B.C. Sumerians begin farming southern Mesopotamia • Environment poses three disadvantages: - floods are unpredictable; sometimes no rain - land offers no barriers to invasion - land has few natural resources; building materials scarce Continued . . . NEXT

  13. SECTION 1 continued Geography of the Fertile Crescent Solving Problems Through Organization • Sumerians worked together; find solutions to environmental challenges: - build irrigation ditches to control water, produce crops - build walled cities for defense - trade grain, cloth, and tools for raw materials—stone, wood metal • Organization, leadership, and laws are beginning of civilization NEXT

  14. SECTION 1 continued Sumerians Create City-Sates The Spread of Cities • By 2500 B.C. many new cities in Fertile Crescent • Sumerians exchange products and ideas with other cultures • Cultural diffusion—process of one culture spreading to others NEXT

  15. SECTION 1 Sumerian Culture A Religion of Many Gods • Sumerians believe in many different gods polytheism • Gods are thought to control forces of nature • Gods behave as humans do, but people are gods’ servants • Life after death is bleak and gloomy Continued . . . NEXT

  16. SECTION 1 continued The First Empire Builders Hammurabi’s Code • Hammurabi creates a code of laws for the Babylonian Empire • 282 laws on all aspects of life; engraved in stone and made public • Set different punishments depending on social class, gender • Goal for government to take responsibility for order, justice • Amorite rule for Fertile Crescent ends 200 years after Hammurabi NEXT

  17. Section 4 River Dynasties in China Early rulers introduce ideas about government and society that shape Chinese civilization. NEXT

  18. SECTION 4 River Dynasties in China The Geography of China Barriers Isolate China • Ocean, mountains, deserts isolate China from other areas River Systems • Huang He (“Yellow River”) in north, Yangtze in south • Huang He leaves loess—fertile silt—when it floods Environmental Challenges • Huang He floods can devour whole villages • Geographic isolation means lack of trade; must be self-sufficient China’s Heartland • North China Plain, area between two rivers, center of civilization NEXT

  19. SECTION 4 The Development of Chinese Culture Chinese Civilization • Sees China as center of world; views others as uncivilized • The group is more important than the individual Family • Family is central social institution; respect for parents a virtue • Elder males control family property • Women expected to obey all men, even sons Social Classes • King and warrior-nobles lead society and own the land Continued . . . NEXT

  20. SECTION 4 continued The Development of Chinese Culture Development of Writing • Writing system uses symbols to represent syllables; not ideas • People of different languages can use same system • Huge number of characters make system difficult to learn NEXT

  21. SECTION 4 Zhou and the Dynastic Cycle The Zhou Take Control • In 1027 B.C., Zhou Dynasty takes control of China Mandate of Heaven • Mandate of Heaven—the belief that a just ruler had divine approval • Developed as justification for change in power to Zhou • Dynastic cycle—pattern of the rise and decline of dynasties Continued . . . NEXT

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