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7th Century: Persians, Muslims, & 6th Ecumenical Council

Explore the significant events of the 7th century, including the rise of Islam, conflicts with Persians, and the impact of the 6th Ecumenical Council on the Eastern Church. Learn about the challenges faced by Christians under Muslim domination and the changing dynamics of the Byzantine Empire.

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7th Century: Persians, Muslims, & 6th Ecumenical Council

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  1. 7th Century: Persians, Muslims & 6th Ecumenical Council 570: Mohammed born in Mecca & rejected 582: Eastern Emperor Maurice & Persian King Chosroes II 602: Phocas murders Maurice, becomes Emperor 610: Persians attack Constantinople; war for 18 years 613: Persians take Antioch & Damascus (Syria), then Jerusalem (Palestine) in 614; then Egypt in 619 622: Mohammed in Medina, Persians & Slavs attack Constantinople 627: Heraclius invades Persia; Holy Cross to Jerusalem 629: Heresy of Monotheletism 632: Mohammed conquers Mecca, dies; Islam growing rapidly 633: Emperor Heraclius forms pro-Monothelite agreement; Monophysites & Chalcedonians in Egypt commune 634: Muslims take Syria & Palestine, Jerusalem in 638; Holy Cross to Constantinople

  2. 7th Century: Persians, Muslims & 6th Ecumenical Council Terms of surrender (Patriarch Sophronius to Caliph Umar): Churches and property of Christians will be preserved if - - there is no evidence of Christian faith in the streets - there is no prevention of conversion to Islam - Christians are submissive and loyal to Muslims Churches and property were not preserved, but this set the pattern for Christian survival under Muslim domination in the Middle East...

  3. 7th Century: Persians, Muslims & 6th Ecumenical Council 637: Emperor Heraclius publishes Exposition of Faith, supporting Monotheletism; East accepts, West protests 639-646: Muslims take Egypt, installing Monophysites 641: Heraclius succeeded by 11yr old grandson Constans II 648: Pope Martin’s council condemns Monotheletism; Martin & Maximus the Confessor tried, tortured & die. “The low point in the moral fiber of the Eastern Church.” 662: Constans II murdered; son Constantine V Emperor 668: Pope Vitalian appoints 1st Archbishop of Canterbury

  4. The 6th Ecumenical Council (Constantinople 680-681): - low attendance (174); little representation from the East - focussed on Tradition of the Church - inspired by theology of Maximus the Confessor - Patriarchs George of Constantinople and Macarius of Antioch support Monotheletism; George switches to Chalcedonians - Priest’s Polychronius’ challenge… - Monotheletism & supporters Pope Sergius, Pope Honorius and Emperor Heraclius condemned, demonstrating that the ancient Church believed that every bishop must submit to the authority of a general council of the Church.

  5. 7th Century: Persians, Muslims & 6th Ecumenical Council 692: Justinian II’s Council of Trullo - legislating morality - priests cannot own hotels, lend money or gamble - monks cannot leave monasteries, spend the night under a roof where a woman is present, celebrate their tonsure - priests and deacons can be married - the Roman church is condemned for enforcing sexual abstinence on its married clergy - the Western practice of fasting on Saturdays and Sundays of Great Lent is condemned - the Western practice of using a lamb as a symbol of Christ is rejected

  6. 7th Century: Persians, Muslims & 6th Ecumenical Council By the late 600’s the breakup of the Empire and the presence of Islam brought emphasis on synods of bishops and especially on control from the one unoccupied patriarchate. Thus the Patriarch of Constantinople came to be seen as the Ecumenical Patriarch.

  7. Islam and Sharia Law: - Christian males can be conscripted & forced to accept Islam - Christians cannot hold public office or have authority over Muslims - Christians cannot testify against Muslims in a court of law - a Muslim who commits a crime against a Christian receives half the punishment had it been against a Muslim - Muslims who convert to Christianity must be executed - Christians must pay a special tax From now on Islamic tolerance of Christians varied from this kind of tolerance to intolerance and persecution. For example, the Ommeyed caliphates (661-750) were tolerant while the Abbasid caliphates (750-1258) were not.

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