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Applications of genetics

Cloning. IVF - in vitro fertilisation. Stem cells. Applications of genetics. Human genome project. Genetic fingerprinting. Genetic engineering. Gene therapy. ISSUES: What happens to unused embryos? - Stem cell research?freeze in liquid nitrogen for later? Destroy? Donate to others?.

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Applications of genetics

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  1. Cloning IVF - in vitro fertilisation Stem cells Applications of genetics Human genome project Genetic fingerprinting Genetic engineering Gene therapy

  2. ISSUES: What happens to unused embryos? - Stem cell research?freeze in liquid nitrogen for later? Destroy? Donate to others? • hormones trigger ovulation - collected by ultrasound and tube • male sperm ejaculated and stored in nutrient solution • male sperm + oocyte into petri dish (100,000 :1) or sperm injected into oocyte • three days development of embryos • two implanted in uterus IVF

  3. Cut meristem (tip/root areas) or length from shoot cut into small areas = explants sterile, aerated nutient (agar)used callus - mass of undifferentiated ce growth hormones - shoots then roots transplant into sterile soil Nuclear transplants - donor cells taken (provide diploid nucleus) unfertilised egg (haploid) from recipient cells fused - egg cell programmed to produce embryo developing embryo implanted = clone of donor Embryo cloning - IVF, embryo splitting, surrogates Totipotent - differentiated adult cells give rise to different cells micropropagation Plants Animals Production of genetically identical organisms Cloning

  4. Ethics - use of embryos, potential of human cloning Medical research and treatments e.g. virus growth for vaccines (e.g. flu), monoclonal antibodies Tissue engineering e.g. growth of skin for burns victims, cartilage, blood vessels Therapeutic use in medicine e.g. use of a patients own cells to grow organs e.g. pancreas for diabetics, heart - better than transplants (no rejection); insertion into the brain (Parkinson’s/Alzheimer’s) Adult tissue repair/replacement e.g. skin damage, blood cells, respiratory/digestive system linings Cells can be grown in labs with growth factors controlled (similar to cloning Dolly) Source = bone marrow; embryonic cells.; umbilical cells Undifferentiated cells which divide to give rise to cells that can become specialised Stem cells

  5. GM crops - transgenic plants e.g. herbicide resistance in soya plants; delayed ripening in tomatoes Inserted by bacteria Donor DNA plasmid from bacterium/ vector restriction endonucleases ; sticky ends DNA ligases; splicing recombinant DNA cloning Antibiotic resistance marker genes fermentors - fitltration and purification Products used in medical treatment e.g. insulin, growth hormones Gene therapy (see later) Reverse transcription to produce specific DNA for insertion: mRNA -> cDNA-> DNA reverse transcriptase DNA polymerase Issues: -benefits crops, medical treatments, products not made by other methods. Release into the environment of potential pathogens, resistance into weeds/pathogens,interactions with other genes, ethics e.g. the right to tamper with genotypes in future Genetic modification

  6. Identification of individuals carrying the genes : pre-implantation, prenatal, new-born, pre-symptomatic, carriers (pre-conception) Identification of mutated genes which may cause genetic diseases e.g. alzheimer’s, CF, diabetes, cancers - establishing effects (diagnosis) Manufacturing of missing proteins/ designer drugs - genetic engineering Use of markers to identify base sequences of normal genes Identification of the 25,000 genes (1990-2003) Human genome project

  7. Issues - Genetic counselling Genetic screening Which genes should this be used for? Abortions to avoid passing on the gene? Use of liposomes - enter via the phopholipid bilayer Use of viruses as vectors Genetic engineering to extract genes for producing missing proteins Insertion of genetic material into affected cells e.g. cystic fibrosis sufferers respiratory cells Insertion of corrective genes into eggs - can be inherited Somatic cell therapy germ cell therapy Gene therapy

  8. Issues:-storage, access,privacy PCR - manufacture of multiple copies DNA replication DNA polymerase short DNA pieces = primers (signal to enzymes) target DNA heated to 95°C separate strands cooled to 55°C - primers join complementary bases heat to 70°C - enzyme polymerises second strand repeat Restriction endonucleases non-functional DNA = HVR/STR different lengths (unique) electrophoresis - -ve so move to +ve (smallest move fastest) nylon membrane- Southern blotting radioactive/ chemi-luminescent probes X-ray films autoradiograph -> genetic fingerprint DNA source e.g white blood cells Uses - forensic science (identification of criminal), paternity cases, identification of species, evolutionary relationships Genetic fingerprinting

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