Aeronautics: Forces, Control, & History of Flight

1. Lesson Objectives • Define aeronautics • Describe four forces associated with flying • Describe how an airplane is controlled • List at least three historical facts about flying • Construct an airplane

2. Aeronautics Transportation

3. Terms • What is Aeronautics?the study of navigation through air or space. This includes airplanes, hot air balloons, gliders, rockets, and satellites • What is Aerospace?The study, science and technology of travel in space above the Earth. • What is Aerodynamics The study of the forces acting on and around bodies, such as aircraft .

4. Difference between aeronautics and aerospace • Aeronautics deals with the study of anything that flies—within and outside the earth's atmosphere. Example hot air balloon and rocket • Aerospace deals with the study of flying outside earth's atmosphere. Example shuttle

5. What is an airplane • An airplane is an engine-driven vehicle that can fly through the air supported by the action of air against its wings

6. Which Newton’s law of motion directly applies to flying? • Sir Isaac Newton proposed three laws of motion in 1665. These Laws of Motion help to explain how a plane flies. • Newton’s 3rd law of motion directly applies to flying

7. What does Newton’s Third Law of Motion states? • Newton’s Third Law of Motion states that for every action, there is an equal but opposite reaction.

8. What are the four forces acting on Airplanes when it flies? The four forces that act on an airplane are: 1. Lift - upward 2. Drag - down and backward3. Weight (gravity) - downward4. Thrust - forward

9. What is Weight (gravity) force? • Weight force is Earth's gravity pulling down on a plane.

10. What is Lift force? • Lift is the force that pushes the plane upward. The wings give planes lift. Air moves under the wings. But, air moves faster on top of the wings. • The slower air pushes on the wing more than the faster air. This makes the plane rise.

11. What is Thrust force? • Thrust is the force that moves the plane forward. A propeller pulls a plane forward. • A jet engine also pushes a plane.

12. What is Drag force? • Drag force slows the plane. You can feel drag when you stick your hand out the window of a moving car.

13. Which forces are opposite to each other? • Gravity (weight) and Lift • Thrust and Drag

14. Forces used for airplane speed • Thrust is the force that moves the plane forward. A propeller or jet engine pulls a plane forward. • Drag slows the plane. You can feel drag when you stick your hand out the window of a moving car.

15. Which forces are used for taking off and landing? • Forces used for Taking off • Thrust-propeller faster, forward movement • Lift-making air under wings stronger, plane lighter • Forces used for Landing • Drag—more drag, heavier plane, coming down • Lift—less lift, slower plane

16. History of Flight • Around 400 BC – Chinese discovered how kites could fly in the air by the which started humans thinking about flying. • In the 1480s Leonardo da Vinci made the first real studies of flight. He had over 100 drawings that illustrated his theories on flight. • The Ornithopter flying machine was never actually created. It was a design that Leonardo da Vinci created to show how man could fly. The modern day helicopter is based on this concept. Leonardo da Vinci - The Ornithopter 1488 Leonardo da Vinci - The Ornithopter

17. History of Flight continues • The brothers, Joseph Michel and Jacques Etienne Montgolfier, invented the first hot air balloon. They used the smoke from a fire to blow hot air into a silk bag. The silk bag was attached to a basket. The hot air then rose and allowed the balloon to be lighter-than-air. • In 1783, the first passengers in the colorful balloon were a duck, a chicken, and a sheep. It climbed to a height of about 6,000 feet and traveled more than 1 mile. • The first manned flight was on November 21, 1783, the passengers were Jean-Francois Pilatre de Rozier and Francois Laurent.

18. History of Flight continues 1891 Lilienthal's Gliders • German engineer, Otto Lilienthal, studied aerodynamics and worked to design a glider that would fly. He was the first person to design a glider that could fly a person and was able to fly long distances. • He was fascinated by the idea of flight. Based on his studies of birds and how they fly, he wrote a book on aerodynamics that was published in 1889 • After more than 2500 flights, he was killed when he lost control because of a sudden strong wind and crashed into the ground. Lilienthal before takeoff with first glider, near the small village ofDerwitz, outside of Potsdam, Germany - 1891 Lilienthal after takeoff with first glider - 1891

19. History of Flight continues 1903 Orville and Wilbur Wright and the First Flight • Orville and Wilbur Wright were very deliberate in their quest for flight. • First, they spent many years learning about all the early developments of flight. They completed detailed research of what other early inventors had done. They read all the literature that was published up to that time. Then, they began to test the early theories with balloons and kites. They learned about how the wind would help with the flight and how it could affect the surfaces once up in the air. • A Model of a Wright Brothers Glider (1900) The next step was to test the shapes of gliders much like George Cayley did when he was testing the many different shapes that would fly. They spent much time testing and learning about how gliders could be controlled. Drawing: Patent drawing from Wright brothers' patent Orville and Wilbur Wright

20. Myths and Legends of Flight • Bellerophon the Valiant, son of the King of Corinth, captured Pegasus, a winged horse. Pegasus took him to a battle with the triple headed monster, Chimera. • Daedalus was an engineer who was imprisoned by King Minos. With his son, Icarus, he made wings of wax and feathers. Daedalus flew successfully from Crete to Naples, but Icarus, tried to fly too high and flew too near to the sun. The wings of wax melted and Icarus fell to his death in the ocean. • King Kaj Kaoos attached eagles to his throne and flew around his kingdom. • Alexander the Great harnessed four mythical wings animals, called Griffins, to a basket and flew around his realm.