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SPLANCHNOLOGY

SPLANCHNOLOGY. INTRODUCTION THE ALIMENTARY SYSTEM THE R ESPIRATORY S YSTEM THE URINARY SYSTEM THE GENITAL SYSTEM THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM. INTRODUCTION. A. Viscera: 1. Alimentary (digestive) system 2. Respiratory system 3. Urinary system 4. Genital (reproductive) system

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SPLANCHNOLOGY

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  1. SPLANCHNOLOGY INTRODUCTION THE ALIMENTARY SYSTEM THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM THE URINARY SYSTEM THE GENITAL SYSTEM THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

  2. INTRODUCTION A. Viscera: 1. Alimentary (digestive) system 2. Respiratory system 3. Urinary system 4. Genital (reproductive) system 5. Endocrine system B. Functions: 1. To fulfill the metabolism 2. Maintain the life of the species

  3. General Structure of the Viscera 1. The tubular viscus 1) mucous membrane (mucosa) 2) submucosa 3) muscular coats 4) adventitia (serosa)

  4. General Structure of the Viscera 2. The parenchymatous organ hilum (porta)

  5. The Reference Line of the Thorax • anterior median line • sternal line • parasternal line • midclavicular line

  6. The Reference Line of the Thorax • anterior axillary line • middle axillary line • posterior axillary line

  7. The Reference Line of the Thorax • scapular line • posterior median line

  8. The Abdominal Regions Subcostal, Transtubercular, Midclavicular Planes Rt. hypochon- driac region Epigastric region Lt hypochon- driac region Right lateral region Umbilical Region Left lateral region Right iliac region Hypogastric (Pubic) region Left iliac region

  9. Median, Transumbilical Planes

  10. ALIMENTARY (DIGESTIVE ) SYSTEM A. Division 1. Alimentary canal : 1) upper alimentary canal: mouth to duodenum 2) lower alimentary canal jejunum to anus Oral cavity-pharynx-esophagus-stomach-duodenum-jejunum-Ileum-cecum-colon-rectum-anal canal

  11. ALIMENTARY (DIGESTIVE ) SYSTEM 2. The alimentary glands: salivary glands liver pancreas B. Functions 1. ingestion of food 2. absorption of the nutrient components (proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water) 3. defecation : the elimination of indigestible substances from the body via the anus in the form of feces.

  12. RespiratorySystem

  13. RespiratorySystem • Consists of an upper respiratory tract (nose to larynx) and a lower respiratory tract ( trachea onwards) . • Conducting portion transports air. - includes the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and progressively smaller airways, from the primary bronchi to the terminal bronchioles • Respiratory portion carries out gas exchange. - composed of small airways called respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts as well as air sacs called alveoli

  14. Respiratory Zone of Lower Respiratory Tract

  15. Respiratory System Functions • supplies the body with oxygen and disposes of carbon dioxide • filters inspired air • produces sound • contains receptors for smell • rids the body of some excess water and heat • helps regulate blood pH

  16. Head RegionCervical RegionThoracic Region

  17. The Skull • Formed by cranial and facial bones Figure 7.2a

  18. Inferior Aspect of the Skull Figure 7.4a

  19. Lateral Aspect of the Skull Figure 7.3a

  20. The Temporal Bone Figure 7.5

  21. Bones in Cervical Region external acoustic meatus temmporal mandibular joint Hyoid bone

  22. Bones in Cervical Region

  23. Surface Landmark • Hyhoid(H) • Thyroid cartilage(T) • Laryngeal prominence(P) • Cricoid cartilage (C) • The first tracheal ringe(1) • Isthmus(S)

  24. Neck and ThoraxVertebrae (C1-C7), Hyoid Bone, Ribs and their Cartilages, Sternum, clavicle, Thoracic Vertibrae (T1-T12), Scapular, Manubrium-body-xiphoid process. For the first rib, find groove for subclavian vein, sclene tubercle and groove for subclavian artery The HeadFrontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital, Sphenoid, Ethmoid, Lacrimal, Vomer, Maxilla, Zygomatic, Nasal, Mandible, Inferior ConchaMastoid Process, Styloid Process, Zygomatic Arch, Piriform Aperture, Nasal Septum, Nasal Conchae, Hard Palate, alveolar arch, Posterior Nasal Aperture

  25. The Head

  26. Oral cavity, Nasal cavity, Pharynx, Larynx

  27. Nose • External nares - opening to exterior • Internal nares - opening to pharynx • Nasal conchae - folds in the mucous membrane that increase air turbulence and ensures that most air contacts the mucous membranes

  28. Nose • rich supply of capillaries warm the inspired air • olfactory mucosa – mucous membranes that contain smell receptors • respiratory mucosa – pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium containing goblet cells that secrete mucus which traps inhaled particles, • lysozyme kills bacteria and lymphocytes and • IgA antibodies that protect against bacteria

  29. Nose provides an airway for respiration • moistens and warms entering air • filters and cleans inspired air • resonating chamber for speech • detects odors in the air stream

  30. Paranasal sinuses Ethmoid, Frontal, Maxillary, Sphenoid

  31. Paranasal Sinuses • Four bones of the skull contain paired air spaces called the paranasal sinuses - frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, maxillary • Decrease skull bone weight • Warm, moisten and filter incoming air • Add resonance to voice. • Communicate with the nasal cavity by ducts. • Lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

  32. Opening of Paranasal Sinuses • Superior, Middle and Inferior Conchae; • Spheno-ethmoidal recess; superior, middle and inferior meatuses; • Sphenoid-posterior ethmoidal-frontal, middle ethmoidal and maxillary-nasolarimal duct

  33. Oral cavity: oral vestibule and oral cavity proper

  34. A. The Oral Vestibule 1. Oral lips: 1) upper lip : philtrum (first aid acupoint ) frenulum of upper lip 2) lower lip frenulum of lower lip 2. Nasolabial sulcus 3. Cheek

  35. The Oral Cavity Proper 1. The palate 1) hard palate 2) soft palate a. uvula b. palatoglossal arch c. palatopharyngeal arch d. isthmus of fauces

  36. The Oral Cavity Proper 2. The teeth Composition a. crown of tooth b. neck of tooth c. root of tooth d. dental cavity (pulp cavity) e. root canal

  37. 3 molars, 2 premolars, 1 canine and 2 incisors; • Crown, Neck and Root; • Pulp Cavity, root cana and apical foramen; • Dentine, enamel and cement.

  38. The Oral Cavity Proper Classification of the teeth a. deciduous teeth 20 Eruption : from 6th to 24 m. b. permanent teeth 32 Eruption : from 6th to 20 yrs.

  39. The Oral Cavity Proper The tongue 1) Division a. apex of tongue b. body of tongue c. root of tongue d. dorsum of tongue i. terminal sulcus ii. foramen cecum of tongue

  40. The Oral Cavity Proper 2)  Lingual mucous membrane a. papillae of tongue i. filiform papillae touch ii. fungiform papillae taste iii. foliate papillae taste iv. vallate papillae taste

  41. Motor supply: XII • General Sensation: V and IX • Special Sensation: VII and IX; a smaller posterior region by X • Sweet, Salty, Sour and bitter

  42. The Oral Cavity Proper b. lingual tonsil c. septum of tongue d. frenulum of tongue

  43. The Oral Cavity Proper Muscles of tongue a. extrinsic muscles i. Genioglossus ii. Hyoglossus iii. Styloglossus iv. Palatoglossus

  44. The Oral Cavity Proper b. proper (intrinsic) muscles i. superior longitudinal m. ii. inferior longitudinal m. iii. transverse m. of tongue iv. vertical m. of tongue

  45. The Oral Cavity Proper The oral glands 1) Major salivary glands a. parotid gland : only serous cells. parotid duct  oral vestibule next to the upper M2

  46. The Oral Cavity Proper b. sublingual gland : mostly mucous cells 10 – 12 ducts  sublingual fold c. submandibular gland duct  base of sublingual frenulum

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