Part II Splanchnology Chapter 4 The general Description

1. Part II Splanchnology Chapter 4 The general Description

2. Part II Splanchnology Chapter 4 The general Description • The definition and subdivisions of the splanchnology: • alimentary system • respiratory system • urinary system • genital system • The study of viscera. • Most of them are situated in the thoracic, abdominal and • pelvic cavities and are associated with the pleura or • peritoneum. • It also opened to outside of body directly or indirectly.

3. II . The main functions of viscera: • Thealimentary system: to ingest foods; secrete enzymes • that modify the sizes of food molecules; absorb the products • of this digestive action and to eliminate the unused residua. • The respiratory system: to carry out the gass exchanges • --- supply of oxygen for the living cells and remove of carbon • dioxide resulting from cell metabolism. • The urinary system: to keep the body in homeostasis by • removing and restoring selected amount of water and solutes. • It also excretes selected amount of various wastes. • The genital system: to produce germ cells and to secrete • some hormones.

4. IV. The reference lines and abdominal regions • References lines of the thorax: • Anterior median line • Lateral sternal line • Midclavicular line • Parasternal line • Anterior axillary line • Midaxillary line • Posterior axillary line • Scapular line • Paravertebral line • Posterior median line

5. 2. Reference lines of abdomen and abdominal regions: • 2 transverse lines : • subcostal line • transtubercular line • 2 longitudinal lines: • mid-inguinal lines • 9 regions: • epigastric region • umbilical region • pubic (hypogastric) region • right and left hypochondriac regions • right and left lumbar（lateral）regions • right and left inguinal (iliac) regions

6. 2. Reference lines of abdomen and abdominal regions: • a transverse line through the • umbilicus and a vertical line • in the midline of the body. • 4 regions: upper right ( RUQ ) • upper left ( LUQ ) • lower right ( RLQ ) • lower left ( LLQ )

7. Part II Splanchnology • Chapter 5 The Alimentary System

8. Ⅰ. General Description: • * Constituents:2 parts • Alimentary canal: • the mouth, the pharynx, • the esophagus, the stomach, • the small intestines: • the duodenum, the jejunum, • the ileum • the large intestines: • the cecum and appendix, • the colon, the rectum, • the anal canal • Digestive glands: • the salivary glands: • the parotid gland • the submandibular gland • the sublingual gland • the liver, the pancreas

9. * Functions: ingest foods, secrete enzymes, absorb nutrients eliminate unused residues

10. Ⅱ.The Mouth: 2 parts:oral vestibular, oral cavity proper. * walls: oral lips, cheeks, palate, Tongue. isthmus of fauces * contents: teeth, tongue. * palate: hard palate soft palate palatine velum palatoglossal arch palatopharyngeal arch palatine tonsil * isthmus of fauces: uvula free margin of palatine velum palatoglossal arch root of tongue.

11. * The teeth deciduous teeth permanentteeth form crown root neck of teeth The structure: dentine enamel cement periodontalmembrane dental cavity, root canal apical foramen dental pulp

12. deciduous teeth: 20 2 pairs of incisors 1 pair of canine tooth 2 pairs of molars permanentteeth: 28-32 2 pairs of incisors 1 pair of canine tooth 2 pairs of premolars 3 pairs of molars (wisdom tooth)

13. The tongue • 3 parts--- root, apex and body • Dorsum: V-shaped terminal sulcus • 4 kinds of papillae---- • Filiform papillae • no tastbuds • tastebuds associated with • Fungiform papillae • Foliate papillae • Vallate papillae • lingual tonsil

14. Inferior surface of tongue: the Frenulum of tongue the Sublingual caruncle the Sublingual folds Structures: mucosa, muscles of the tongue

15. Ⅲ. The pharynx: • Position: • in front of the 1~6th • cervical vertebrae • Parts:Nasopharynx • Oropharynx • Laryngopharynx • Features and structures: • nasal part---- • opening of auditory tube • tubal torus • pharyngeal recess • oral part--- • palatine tonsil, • tubal tonsil • laryngeal part---piriform recess

16. Communication of pharynx: • anteriorly: ---choanae---nasal cavity • ---isthmus of fauces---oral cavity • ---aperture of larynx---laryngeal cavity • inferiorly: ---esophagus • Laterally:---pharyngeal opening of auditory tube---tympanic cavity

17. Ⅳ.The Esophagus: • 3 parts: cervical, thoracic and • abdominal parts • 3 constrictions: • 1st---at its commencement, 15cm • from the incisor teeth • 2nd---where is crossed by the left • principal bronchus anteriorly, • 25cm from the incisor teeth • 3rd---where it passes through the • diaphragm, 40cm from the • incisor teeth • position

18. The Salivary glands: • The Parotid gland • The duct to this gland (Stensen’s duct ) (the inside of the cheek buccal mucosa) opposite the upper second molar. • The Sublingual gland • the Sublingual folds • The Submandibular gland • the Sublingual caruncle • The Name, • Positions, • Opening of its ducts

19. Ⅴ.The stomach : • The shape and parts 2 openings: cardia, pylorus 2 surfaces: anterior and posterior 2 curvatures: greater curvature lesser curvature angular incisure 4 parts: the cardiac part the fundus of stomach the body of stomach the pyloric part pyloric antrum pyloric canal

20. The position and relations --- the position: Its between the end of the esophagus and the beginning of the small intestine. It lies in the epigastric, umbilical and left hypochondriac regions of abdomen. • cardiac orifice– at left side • of 11th thoracic vertebra • pyloric orifice– at right side • of 1st lumbar vertebra

21. --- the relations: • anteriorly--- • left costal margin • diaphragm • left pleura • the base of the left lung • the left pleural cavity • the pericardium • left and quadrate lobes of the liver • the anterior abdominal wall • transverse colon

22. posteriorly--- the diaphragm the spleen the left suprarenal gland the upper part of the left kidney the splenic artery the left colic flexure the anterior surface of the pancreas the upper layer of the transverse mesocolon “ stomach bed ” omental bursa

23. Ⅵ.The duodenum C-shaped 4 parts---superior part descending part horizontal part ascending part Structure--- Descending part has longitudinal fold major duodenal papilla Position and relationshap--- Itencloses the head of the pancreas; A retroperitoneal organ; Most part of it attached the posterior abdominal wall.

24. Ⅶ. JejunumandIleum:

25. Ⅷ. Large intestine: Parts---colon cecum rectum anal canal structures --- except rectum anal canal and appendix 3 colic bands haustra of colon epiploic appendices

26. The cecum and vermiform appendix : position:in the right iliac fossa, above the lateral half of the inguinal ligament and below the ileocecal valves. structure: ileocecal valves opening of the vermiform appendix

27. Vermiform: shape:worm shaped tube, 2—20 cm in length, about 8.3cm in average Position:right iliac or inguinal region, the posteromedial wall of the cecum. common positions of the tip: retrocecally, inferior to the cecum, behind or front of ileum, into the lesser pelvis Surface projectionof the root of vermiform appendix--- McBurney’s point

28. McBurney’s point At the junction of the meddle and lateral thirds of a line that joints the right anterior superior iliac spine and the umbilicus.

29. Colon: • 4 parts---- • ascending colon • transverse colon • descending colon • sigmoid colon

30. The rectum: position--- It lies in the posterior part of less pelvis, anterior to the sacrum andcoccyx. shape--- 2 flexures: • Sacral flexure • Perineal flexure • Ampulla of rectum • structures— • 3 transverse folds of rectum

31. TheAnal Canal: • position: • structures: • mucous membrane--- • anal columns • anal valves • anal sinuses • dentate line • anal pecten • (hemorrhoidal ring ) • white line • submucosa--- • muscular layer--- • sphincter ani internus • sphincter ani externus

32. Ⅸ. The liver : • The external features : --- 1. 2 ~ 1. 5 kg (male) 1.0 ~ 1.3 kg (female) --- cuniform : 2 extremities : right (larger) left (smaller) 2 surfaces: diaphragmatic surface visceral surface 2 borders: anterior border posterior border

33. diaphragmatic (superior) surface: • --- 2 ligaments: • falciform ligament; coronary ligament • (right and left triangular ligaments) • --- 2 lobes: • right lobe (large) • left lobe (small) • ---bare area

34. visceral (inferior) surface: • --- “H” shaped groove: • 4 lobes the right and left lobes, the caudate lobe, the quadrate lobe • the fissure for ligamentum teres hepatis • the fissure for ligamentum venosum • the fossa for gallbladder • the fossa for vena cava (the secondary porta hepatis ) • hepatic veins • the transverse fissure ( porta hepatis) proper hepatic artery • hepatic ducts. hepatic portal vein, nerves , lymphatic vessels • ---

35. The anterior border: • --- the notch for ligamentum teres hepatis • --- the notch for gallbladder • The posterior border: bare area

36. The position and relations: • Position: right hypochondriac and epigastric regions. • right half of the anterior border at the same level of the right • costal arch • at the middle line of the body, the • anterior border below the xiphoid • process about 2-4cm. Relations: superiorly--- diaphragm, lungs, pleura and pleural cavities, heart, pericardium and pericardial cavity

37. Relations: superiorly--- the esophagus, the stomach, the duodenum, the gallbladder the right colic flexure, the right kidney the right suprarenal gland The function: it is very complicated, but one of them is secreting the bile to digest the fat in the food

38. Ⅹ.The Extrahepatic apparatus: 1. The gallbladder fundus body neck cystic duct 2. formation: the right and left hepatic ducts the common hepatic duct the gallbladder and cystic duct the common bile duct the hepatopancreatic ampulla (sphincter of hepatopancreatic ampulla) the major duodenal papilla

39. Ⅺ. The Pancreas: • The external features: • It’s a long, soft, finely lobulated gland. • 4 parts: • head, neck, body, tail • The structure and function: • It’s a both an exocrine and • endocrine gland. • Exocrine portion releases the • pancreatic joice to digest • the protein in the food mainly • Endocrine portion is formed • by pancreatic islets and secretes • the glucagon and insulin. • Pancreatic duct and accessory • pancreatic duct.

40. 3. The position and relations: • on the posterior abdominal wall and across the first and second • vertebrae, abdominal aorta, inferior vena cava, hepatic portal vein ; • a retroperitoneal organ; • anteriorly: close to the • posterior wall of the stomach; • the head is surrounded • by the duodenum; • the tail is in contact with the • hilum of spleen .