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International Affairs Society Oct. 17 Topic Discussion I

International Affairs Society Oct. 17 Topic Discussion I. Amnesty International--- Stop Violence Against Women. Outline of Today’s Discussion. I. Introduction to NGOs II. About Amnesty International (1)Introduction to AI and Its Activities (2)AI’s Organization and Function

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International Affairs Society Oct. 17 Topic Discussion I

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  1. International Affairs Society Oct. 17 Topic Discussion I Amnesty International--- Stop Violence Against Women

  2. Outline of Today’s Discussion • I. Introduction to NGOs • II. About Amnesty International (1)Introduction to AI and Its Activities (2)AI’s Organization and Function • III. Universal Declaration of Human Rights • IV. Current Main Campaign -- Stop Violence Against Women

  3. Introduction to NGOs:NGOs and Global Policy-MakingPresented by Victor

  4. Outline of Presentation • 1. Definition • 2. Historical Origin • 3. NGOs and Global Policy Making • 4. Three Levels of NGO’s Pragmatical Action • 5. Financing • 6. NGO’s Diplomatic Role • 7. Conclusion

  5. 1. Definition • NGO: non-governmental organization, an organization that is not part of a government and was not founded by states. • The term is generally restricted to social, cultural, legal, and environmental advocacy groups having goals that are primarily noncommercial.

  6. 2. Historical Origin • NGOs have developed in the past two centuries. ---The anti-slavery movement and World Anti-Slavery Convention (1840) ---The World Alliance of YMCAs (1855) ---The International Committee of the Red Cross (1863) ---Trade unions started to form in the 20th Century

  7. 2. Historical Origin • First terminological appearance: ---UN Charter Ch.10 Article 71 • First definition by the UN: ---Resolution 288 of ECOSOC (February 27, 1950) ---“any international organisation that is not founded by an international treaty”

  8. 3. NGOs and Global Policy Making • International issues cannot only be solved by nation states. • NGOs can sometimes command greater legitimacy than national authorities. • NGOs’ emerging influence in the international policy arena

  9. 3. NGOs and Global Policy Making • Three Major Categories: (1) Humanitarian Issues: ---eg. Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch (2) Development Aid : ---eg. Oxfam, Global Vision (3) Environmental Sustainable Development: ---eg. Greenpeace, Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research

  10. 4. Three Levels of NGO’s Pragmatical Action • Three Levels of Pragmatical Action: (1) Micro-Policy Level (2) Macro-Policy Level (3) Norm-Setting Level • Example: the World Court Project, a network of NGOs opposed to nuclear weapons, successfully brought a landmark case to the World Court in 1996

  11. 4. Three Levels of NGO’s Pragmatical Action • Illustration of the example (1) Micro-Policy Level: ---getting the Court to accept the case (2) Macro-Policy Level: ---changing governments’ strategic reliance on nuclear weapons involves the larger campaign goal (3) Norm-Setting Level: ---persuading the public that nuclear weapons are immoral and as a threat to real security

  12. 5. Financing • NGOs are usually financed by a combination of sources. ---Membership dues (main source) ---Grants or contracts from governments and international institutions ---Fees for services ---Profits from sales of goods ---Funding from private foundations ---Corporations and wealthy individuals, etc.

  13. 6. NGO’s Diplomatic Role • NGO’s role in the sphere of official diplomacy was relatively restricted until after WWII. • Heavy lobbying during the wartime negotiations(1943-45)  capable of participating in the UN • By 2000, about 2,500 NGOs had consultative status with the UN

  14. 7. Conclusion • NGOs have an increasingly vital role to play in the international society • National governments cannot serve as the sole international actor • In the globalizing world of the twenty-first century, NGOs surely will have a growing international calling

  15. Reference • NGOs and Global Policy Making, James A. Paul • NGOs and the United Nations, Report of Global Policy Forum • Non-governmental Research Guide, Duke University Perkins Library http://docs.lib.duke.edu/igo/guides/ngo/ • Amnesty International http://www.amnesty.org/ • Greenpeace http://www.greenpeace.org/international/ • Oxfam http://www.oxfam.org/ • Human Rights Watch http://www.hrw.org/

  16. II. About Amnesty International(1) Introduction to AI and its ActivitiesPresented by Kei

  17. About Amnesty International • Amnesty International is a worldwide movement of people who campaign for human rights. • All human rights should be enjoyed by all people at all times, and no one set of rights can be enjoyed at the expense of other rights.

  18. About Amnesty International • The story of two Portuguese students sentenced to seven years’ imprisonment for raising a toast to freedom. • AI has a varied network of members and supporters around the world. At the latest count, there were more than 1.8 million members, supporters and subscribers in over 150 countries and territories in every region of the world.

  19. Activities • AI searches out the facts. • Members, supporters and staff around the world mobilize the public to put pressure on governments and others with influence to stop the abuses. • Amnesty International supports programs that help people learn about human rights and how to defend them.

  20. Some Other Facts • Amnesty International is independent of any government, political ideology, economic interest or religion. • To ensure its independence, it does not seek or accept money from governments or political parties for its work in documenting and campaigning against human rights abuses. • Its funding depends on the contributions of its worldwide membership and fundraising activities.

  21. 國際特赦組織II. About Amnesty International:(2) Organization and FunctionPresented By Phillip

  22. 源起 • 在1961年由英國律師創立 • 最早發佈的文章 “被遺忘的囚犯“ 引起國際回應和支持這種信念 • 從此特赦組織派出代表團到散佈在全球的國家

  23. 國際特赦組織的結構 • 非政府間國際組織 • 總部在倫敦 • 在很多國家有分會 • 依靠大眾的支持 • 被國際執行委員會領導 • 地區性的行動網 (Regional Action Networks)

  24. 國際特赦組織的功能 • 觀察和記述各種違犯人權之事 • 觀察團 • 給大眾和媒體提供資訊 • 來自不同國家的義工參與緊急救援的工作(Urgent Action) • 批評在任何國家發生違犯人權的事情

  25. 國際特赦組織的挑戰 • 失蹤 • 酷刑或虐待 • 良心犯 • 不公平審判和未經起訴和審判而監禁 • 死刑 • 武裝的反政府團體的違犯人權事件

  26. 財務 • 募款方式 • 經費

  27. 台灣分會的現況 • 1994獲准正式登記為國際特赦組織台灣總會 • 目前有6個小組和360名會員 • 從1996年開始須由本地募款

  28. 討論 你們覺得國際特赦組織 有影響力嗎?

  29. III. Universal Declaration of Human RightsPresented by 洪佳伶

  30. 1. 世界人權宣言的制定背景 • 時間 • 從非強制力到強制力

  31. 2.宣言之大綱與大意 • （1） 個人的權利與自由 • （2） 個人的義務和責任

  32. 3.舉例以說明世界人權宣言的效用 • 美國入侵伊拉克是否與該條約牴觸 • 反同性戀者是否與該條約牴觸 • 該條約對於不同的文化是否具有約束力 • 該條約是否有普遍性效力

  33. 4.從例子反思國際現況 • 該宣言不過是理想主義的一種體現 • 是否在國際社會有用處???

  34. IV. Current Main Campaign: Stop Violence Against WomenPresented by 林佳瑩

  35. Current Main Campaign: Stop Violence Against Women a) Worldwide Scandal b) Defending Defenders c) Women and War d) Fight and Violence e) Violence at Home f) Justice not Excuses

  36. a) Definition of violence against women: gender-based violence that may result in physical, sexual or psychological harms, whether in public or in private life b) Violence in the family c) Violence in the community d) Violence by the state Worldwide Scandal

  37. At least one out of every three women has been beaten, coerced into sex, or abused in her lifetime. • b) More than 60 million women are “missing” from the world today as a result of sex-selective abortions and female infanticide. • c) Every year, millions of women are raped by partners, relatives, friends and strangers, by employers and colleagues, soldiers and members of armed groups. • d) Violence in the family is endemic all over the world; the overwhelming majority of victims are women and girls. • e) Small arms and light weapons are the main tools of almost every conflict. Women and children account for nearly 80% of the casualties, according to the UN Secretary-General.

  38. Defending Defenders Women defending the human rights of women are under threat of violence, because they often challenge the cultural, religious or social norms in the society.

  39. Women and War • In wars….. • Raping is used as a form of tortures, to extract info, punish and terrorize • Propaganda portrays women as embodying the honor of a community  attack women = attack the entire community • For fear of punishments, survivors don’t speak out • Survivors infected with HIV/AIDS may face social rejections

  40. Fleeing from a dangerous place to another might just be the same hazardous. Dangers everywhere: during the flight, life in camps, life in cities. Fight and Violence

  41. Violence at Home • Violence in the family: physical, psychological, and sexual • One of the major cause of death in: Europe, Russia, South Africa • Domestic violence is no private matter, governments are responsible for protection

  42. Justice not Excuses • Laws fail to protect women from violence in some countries • Women not seeking for justice: either not able to afford the access or for fear of losing custody of their children • Police and prosecutors are sometimes unwilling to assist women abused by their family members

  43. Discussion Time • Please raise any question that occurred to you during others’ presentation !!!!

  44. Special Thanks to…. • Victor, Kei, Phillipp, 洪佳伶, 林佳瑩’s informative and superb presentation!

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