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The Civil War 1861-1865. The Confederacy -the southern states Feb. 1861 – Confederate States of America Confederate Constitution similar to U.S. but: Each state sovereign (independent) Right to own slaves guaranteed Jefferson Davis is President.
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The Confederacy -the southern states • Feb. 1861 – Confederate States of America • Confederate Constitution similar to U.S. but: • Each state sovereign (independent) • Right to own slaves guaranteed • Jefferson Davis is President
Confusion reigned in North and South • Pres. Buchanan didn’t do anything • Southerners took over Federal property – courthouses, post offices, and forts • Most Northerners didn’t react one way or another
The CIVIL WAR (1861-1865) The Union is broken and the War begins Firing on Ft. Sumter (Charleston, S.C.) April 1861 • Confederates demanded surrender, Union refused so SC militia fired. *This was seen as an attack on the USA. • Result: • Eliminated middle ground • Created anger in North • Created “war fever” in South • Va. And 4 more states seceded
Bull Run (1st Manassas) • 1st Major Battle- July 1861 • Location – Va., west of Washington DC • Result – South won. “Stonewall Jackson”-Thomas Jackson • Significance – showed that the war would not be easy or quick. Boosted Southern morale.
A Modern War • Tactics – equipment, methods, and manpower changed during the war. • Manpower: • Started with volunteers • Later had to draft (Lincoln 1st US President to draft-1863) • Troops organized by state • No uniforms in beginning – later went to blue and grey • Infantry – Cavalry and Artillery
Weapons – Guns and muskets in the beginning Rifles later which were more accurate at greater distances (not effective in frontal charges)- minie ball Cavalry – less important as rifles became more accurate Warships – used ironclads Examples: Monitor vs. Virginia (Merrimac) A Modern War
Clara Barton • The American humanitarian Clara Barton was the founder of the American Red Cross
A Modern War • Strategies • Anaconda Plan – Union 3 Part Strategy • Part 1- Western Campaign – to divide Confed. and control Mississippi River • Shiloh (Tenn.) March 1862– bloody battle, Union won but learned: • Must think defensively • No easy victories; 23,000 dead • Beginning of South’s failure to hold the Mississippi River.
Part 2 - Naval Blockade • Successful in blocking regular shipping • Blockade Runners – good but small • Union captured New Orleans
Part 3 - Eastern Campaign – to capture Richmond (Confederacy Capital) • Peninsula Campaign- Virginia McClellan (cautious) vs. Lee (Bold & brilliant) • Second Bull Run – South won
Sept. 1862 Antietam (Md.) – South on Offensive 1. Lee’s plans found by McClellan’s Army 2. McClellan won but didn’t follow through. 3. Bloodiest single day of war; 22,000 dead 4. Lincoln fired McClellan
African Americans in the War • 1862- law said they could serve but only after the Emancipation Proclamation did they enlist in large numbers • By the end of the war- nearly 10% of Union troops were black • Suffered discrimination and higher death rates • Example- The 54th Mass. Regiment –the movie “Glory”
Tide Turns North - 1863 Manpower diminishes in the South • Fredericksburg, Va. – The Union lost 13,000 and the South lost 5,300; South wins • Chancellorsville, Va. – South lost 12,000 but still won; Stonewall Jackson • South could not replace the losses, but the North could
Emancipation Proclamation • Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863. It stated that all slaves BEHINDenemy lines were FREE. • IT DID NOT IMMEDIATELY FREE THE SLAVES! • IT HELPED GAIN BRITISH SUPPORT • GAVE THE WAR A MORAL CRUSADE
Tide Turns North - 1863 Turning Point of the War Gettysburg (Pa.) – won July 4, 1863 • 3 day battle – 51,000 dead, wounded, or missing • North won, the South lost too many • Only the 2nd time the South went North to fight
