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Spring ‘61

Spring ‘61. Lincoln's 1 st Inaugural Address - CSA had seized – Ft. Sumter (Charleston, SC) Linc. provisions the fort – strategy - April 12 th – reaction in North – call for troops – Southern response -.

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Spring ‘61

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  1. Spring ‘61 • Lincoln's 1st Inaugural Address - CSA had seized – • Ft. Sumter (Charleston, SC) Linc. provisions the fort – • strategy - April 12th – • reaction in North – call for troops – • Southern response -

  2. In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow countrymen, and not in mine , is the momentous issue of civil war. The government will not assail you . You can have no conflict, without being yourselves the aggressors. You have no oath registered in Heaven to destroy the government, while I shall have the most solemn one to ``preserve, protect and defend'' it. • I am loth to close. We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be enemies. Though passion may have strained, it must not break our bonds of affection. The mystic chords of memory, streching from every battle-field, and patriot grave, to every living heart and hearthstone, all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union, when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature.

  3. The Crucial Border States • Def. – States w/ slaves IN the Union • MO, KY, MD, DE, ( W.V. ) • IMPORTANT because – • 1- The Capital is between MD and VA • 2- They provide many raw materials to Northern Manufacturing • Force Lincoln to – Not Free slaves to protect those states

  4. more $$$$ 3/4 more people 22-9 mil more factories more railroads 3/4 controlled sea better generals defensive war fighting for home cotton allies? North vs. South

  5. Why didn’t England join the South? • 75%, but… ‘57-’60-cotton boom • public opinion - Uncle Tom’s Cabin • found other sources • India and Egypt • blockade runners • seized cotton • also needed North’s – wheat and corn

  6. near conflict with UK The Trent – British Mail Ship – Union captured 2 confederate diplomats • Lincoln backs down – “one war at a time” The Alabama – British ship that flew confederate flags • eventually sunk in ’64 250 american ships sunk 15 million paid in’72 by britain to america • The Laird Rams – british ironclads for confederacy, bought by britain • UK Backs down –canada too important

  7. FRANCE . . . . sneaky, sneaky • invades Mexico during the war • Installs emperor Maximillian • his plan – let america beat itself up • after the war North threatens to take mexico, napoleon leaves, maximillian executed

  8. Jefferson Davis v. the states • new gov. had to – make a const. and it had to allow for seccession • led to – states rights being too strong. GA refused to send its troops outside of GA. Secession? Oh, GA!

  9. Lincoln “necessary” violations • blockade w/o - congress • increased size of fed. army w/o - congress • $2 million to private citizens w/o -congress • suspends habeus corpus w/o - congress • IN BORDER STATES • "supervised voting" censorship, and arrests of newspaper staff

  10. volunteer at first – ran out conscription (’63) – Draft • “$300 men” – pay for a substitute • “rich man’s war, poor man’s fight” – • NYC draft riots (’63) – Anti-Black Irish being recruited • 200,000 deserters • "bounty jumpers“ – $1,000 to enlist In South • > 20 slaves – exempt • “cradle to grave” – 15-75

  11. Funding the War - North • New taxes • (alcohol, tobacco, first income tax) • higher tariffs • the Morrill Tariff (1861) • “Greenbacks” – money meant to inflate/not backed by gold • bonds – issued by private banks w/1% kickback as incentive • Only Banks joining the National Banking System had the right to sell Results: • Good: Economic BOOM! • Bad: Profiteering – rise of the millionaire class

  12. Funding the War - South • blockade cuts off tariff revenue • bonds - $400 million to foreigners • taxes increased, but . . .State’s Rights folks don’t like payin’ taxes • printed money • 9000% inflation!

  13. Results In • CW DESTROYS Southern Economy • Won’t Recover for Generations

  14. CHAPTER 22 The Furnace of Civil War, 1861—1865 1861-1865 Page 461

  15. First Battle of Bull Run (July ’61) • South wins battle just South of D.C. • but . . . – Overconfident South feels more confident • imp. – North needs help – South Deserts and calls of enlistments

  16. The Peninsula Campaign (May-July 1862) • Robert E. Lee – Protect Richmond v. • George MacClellan – Don’t fight until you are sure you’ll win • Mac too cautious, Lee too crafty (464)– • wins “7 Days” battles • Lee leads his first campaign into the North (465) • Lee hopes to 1 – Capture D.C 2 – Get Maryland to go Grey

  17. The New Union War Plan: Total War • 1 blockade – Cut off cotton • 2 take Mississippi – Cut CSA in 1/2 and disable crucial river supplylines • 3 liberate slaves in CSA – Emancipation Proclamation • 4 march through heart of South (GA & SC) –Sherman’s March to the Sea, lose the battle for hearts and minds • 5 seize the capital – Decapitate Capital • 6 fight CSA armies at every chance – Grant’s idea to out-attrition the south

  18. Antietam (Sept. ‘62) • MacClellan had – been reinstated • Sept. 17 ‘62 = Lee’s Advance Stopped • Mac. Forces Lee to retreat but . .- loses his job because he didn’t chase him down afterwards • importance – Lee almost won. • Paris and London were going to schedule talks after confederate win

  19. Emancipation Proclamation Jan. 1 1863) • What it did – freed slaves in the seceded states • __0__ slaves freed by it on 1/1/63 • Why not abolish? – can’t lose border states

  20. Gettysburg (July 1863) (Union Generals like Yankee Managers) Lee wins at : • Fredericksburg, VA (Burnside) Dec • Chancellorsville, VA (Hooker) May • Loses Stonewall • invades North – victory could get peace activists aroused Gettysburg, PA (Meade) July • biggest, most important battle of war (472) • July 1–3 • 50,000 + casualties • July 3rd “Pickett’s charge” – last lunge • “high tide of the Confederacy” – furthest north any real confederate soldier would get

  21. Gettysburg Address • Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. • Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation, so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. • But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate—we can not consecrate—we can not hallow—this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us — that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion — that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain — that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom — and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

  22. Vicksburg (July 4, 18 63) • Ulysses S. Grant – drank too much • “the butcher” – didn’t negotiate/pinned names and addresses to soldiers backs before rough battles • Wins @ Shiloh (TN) –1862 (475) • finally takes Vicksburg – vicksburg eating mules and rats • imp. – The Mississippi is Union. TX, LA, AR all don’t matter

  23. Grant vs. Lee (Virginia 1864 -65) Grant attacks Lee near Richmond (480) • series of rugged battles – up and down Shenendoah valley • War of Attrition – who can outlast? From May to June • Grant loses 65,000 • Lee loses 35,000 • But – Grant has more to lose.

  24. Surrender at Appomattox (April 9, 1865) • Lee surrenders the Army of Northern Virginia to Grant –urges confederacy to follow • Within a couple months - Lincoln is sitting in Davis’ Chair

  25. Sherman’s March to the Sea (1864) • Cuts path across GA & SC – 60 miles wide • Total War – devestate EVERYbody • “War is Hell” – no joke, Sherman

  26. Impact of War • 600,000 – Dead 380,000 - injured • political changes: • 1. Federal Power Wins • 2. Slave Status • 13th Amendment (’65) –Abolishes slavery • economic impact – 15 billion in immediate costs (not counting lost slaves)

  27. Reconstruction (1865-1877) • “Reconstruction” = Lincoln’s Plan = lenient = • 10% - • Andrew Johnson continues

  28. Radical Republicans • Thaddeus Stevens, Charles Sumner - • “constitutional suicide” – • “conquered provinces” - 2 Goals • 1- • 2- Proposed Wade-Davis Bill - • Lincoln pocket-vetoed it

  29. Andrew Johnson vs the Rad. Rep • Dec. ’65 - • Rad. Rep. refused to - Civil Rights Act of 1866 - Freedmen’s Bureau Act - • Johnson vetoes both • Congress overrides his veto

  30. Reconstruction Act of 1867 • 5 military districts - • ratify _____ • guarantee _________ to blacks • Johnson _______, Congress _______ “black reconstruction” (1867-1877) – • scalawags - • carpetbaggers -

  31. Impeachment of Johnson • similar to Clinton - • Tenure of Office Act - • Impeached - • “not guilty” by 1 vote -

  32. Grant wins in 1868 • 500,000 - • wins by 310,000 - • 15th Amendment - • ratified in 1870 -

  33. Reconstruction Era Amendments • 13 – • 14 – • 15 – • All of these left out _________ .

  34. Reconstruction Ends • by 1870 Compromise of 1877 (ch24) • Republicans get – • Democrats get - • "Redeemer" Governments -

  35. Reconstruction Ends • KKK - disenfranchisement – • literacy tests – • poll taxes • grandfather clause sharecropping – the new slavery -

  36. Anti-Union Voices in the North

  37. Avoid the Draft! . . . Volunteer!

  38. Draft Day

  39. Got $300 ?

  40. The Gettysburg Address (Nov. 22, 1863)

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