Bell Ringer

1. Bell Ringer • What is mass production? • Why is mass production good? • What is a market economy?

2. Bell Ringer • What is Social Darwinism? • Who made up the work force during the industrial revolution? • What is division of labor

3. CH 14-15: People & Society During the Industrial Revolution

4. Mass Production & Assemble Lines • Mechanization was a huge part of the economic boom, but so were new methods of production • Producers knew that machines only helped if they could produce items in large quantities. • Factories were studies scientifically to determine the most efficient way to produce a good.

5. It was determined the fastest way to produce an item was to reduce it to a series of simple tasks that anyone could master, and required almost no training. Division of Labor • While it was extremely fast it the down side was employee dissatisfaction. • Henry Ford was one of the first to capitalize on these ideas. • Workers made $5 a day, but Ford hired 52,000 workers in 1 year to staff a factory of 14,000

7. The Working Class • The Industrial Revolution led to the development of “have” and “have not” (Social Darwinism) • Those who succeeded were elevated, those who didn’t were crushed down. • Those crushed were the working class. • The workforce included men, women, and children (Blacks, Whites, & Immigrants)

9. Child Labor • Children were Employed for two reason: • Even with both parents working it was often impossible to survive on just two incomes • Children earned less than adults, so factories would hire them because they were expected to do the same amount of work as an adult, but they were cheaper • Children experienced some of the most dangerous working conditions (could fit into running machinery, or into smaller coal mines)

10. Working Conditions • Owners were not overly concerned with Worker Safety • Many worked in sweatshops, small/crowded/ unventilated rooms, where the spread of diseases was common. • People continued to work in such conditions because with the increasing number of immigrants entering the country any protest could result in being replaced.

11. Triangle Waist Company

13. The Labor Movement • In the late 1800s early 1900s workers • Had low pay • Worked in dangerous and unhealthy conditions • Children could not go to school • Often feared that their wages would be reduced without notice, or their jobs lost • Had ZERO ability to negotiate • Meanwhile owners LOVED the situation • Workers realized they needed to stay together, so they formed Labor Unions

14. Labor Unions were groups formed to protect the interest of the workers. • Higher wages, shorter hours, better conditions • These unions then began to band together to form national groups • Early unions were poorly organized, and easily defeated by owners. • People often signed contracts not to join a union to ensure they had a job.

15. Unions would use collective bargaining, negotiating for all workers at once • Their most powerful weapon was a Strike, or a total shut down of a factory. • However some unions started to succeed • Knights of Labor, American Federation of Labor (AFL), Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

17. Knights of Labor • 1869 • Recruited skilled & unskilled laborers, women, and blacks • Died out because of competition from AFL & IWW

18. American Federation of Labor (AFL) • 1886 • Samuel Gompers (Favored cooperation over strikes) • Focused specifically on Skilled Laborers • Focused specifically on shorter hours and higher wages • Had 1 million members at it’s peak

19. International Workers of the World (IWW) Wobblies • 1905 • Eugene V Debbs • Debbs introduced Socialism into the labor movement, that the workers should own the factories and not the capitalists • He sought to unite all unions into one super union and eliminate capitalism • Had 100,000 members

21. Railroad Strike of 1877 • In West Virginia Railroad workers were not happy, and went on strike • Others would strike in support of WV, and soon half the countries railroads were shut down • The Strikes turned violent, and President Hayes would call in the Army • After about two weeks 100 were dead and there was millions in property damage • This event would lead to a huge spike in Union membership

22. Haymarket Affair • Chicago 1886 • Started when striking workers & scabs fought • A group of Anarchist called a strike meeting the next day • About 1000 people showed up (remained calm) • About 180 Chicago police showed up, a bomb was thrown into the crowd and set off, the cops started to blindly fire into the crowd (At least 4 dead)

23. Homestead Strike • 1892 Homestead, PA • Carnegie Steel Factory- Workers Strike • Carnegie in Europe, Henry Frick in charge • Frick hired Pinkerton men to protect the factory (Private Security) • When the Pinkerton men showed they got into a gun fight with the Strikers, Strikers won • Strikers took control of the town, but scattered when the governor called in the state militia

24. Pullman Strike • 1894- Chicago • Pullman Palace Car Company (Fancy Train Cars) • Workers lived in company housing and bought company goods. In 1894 Pullman cut worker wages by ¼ but kept the prices for everything the same • The Workers went on strike, and other rail unions supported them. This stopped the transport of mail, which is a Federal crime • President Grover Cleveland sent the military in to break the strike up by force.

25. Did Unions Work? Success Failure The Government strongly backed the owners at this time The Government used the Sherman Antitrust Act to hurt unions (the exact opposite thing it was made for) Many Americans were still unsure of unions because of the violence that was associated with them. • Between 1890- 1915 workers • Worked less hours (54-> 49) • Made more Money (17.60 -> 21.30) • More importantly unions gave workers a voice and stopped owners from doing whatever they wanted unchecked

26. Immigrants: Push & Pull Push Pull Free & Democratic Society US had large amounts of farmland (West). Many Immigrants were farmers Immigrants also knew of the gold in sliver in the US. Many were previously miners Large amounts of unskilled labor appealed to Irish, Italian, Polish, & Hungarians Letters back to the homeland described America as a “land of milk & honey,” making more want to move here • Europe had a population boom: overcrowded cities, lack of jobs, scarce food, • Lack of good (arable) land due to mechanization • 1840s- Irish Potato Famine • Pogroms- organized anti-Jewish attacks in Russia

27. The Modern Moses

28. Entering the USA- Ellis Island • Ellis Island • Built 1892, New York City • Most Immigrants entered here • 6 second exam: if you looked sick you got pulled aside • Those determined incurable would be deported • Only about 2% were denied entry

29. Entering the US- Angel Island • Angel Island • Built 1910, San Francisco Bay • “Ellis Island of the West” • Largely designed to enforce the Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

30. Old Immigrants Vs New Immigrants • Old Immigrants (Before 1890) • Northern & Western Europe (English, Germans, Norwegians) [Protestant] • Literate & Skilled • Quickly Assimilated/ understood democracy • Had some money on arrival • New Immigrants (After 1890) • Southern & Eastern Europe (Italians, Poles, European Jews) [Catholic, Orthodox, & Jewish] • Illiterate & unskilled • Reluctant to assimilate/ politically radical • Had NO money

31. New Europeans • New Europeans were generally poor, uneducated, and not welcome in the US • Many would stay in low wage jobs, and live in the slums • For help immigrants could turn to their family, communities, or their church • Settlement Houseswould be community centers in Ethnic neighborhoods that would help immigrants with education, health care, and support the community.

32. Asians-Chinese • Thousands of Chinese had come to the US to help build the railroad. • Thousands more would come for the Cali Gold Rush (California= Gold Mountain) • Many Asians also farmed and would do jobs that Americans refused to do • 1870s- drought severely hurt California’s economy. The Chinese were blamed & anti-Chinese sentiment grew • Chinese Exclusion Act (1882): Prohibited Chinese from entering the USA for 10 years

33. Asians- Pilipino, Koreans, Japanese • Koreans-limited number to Hawaii • Pilipinos- worked in southern CA on fruit farms • Japanese- leased land &became very successful farmers • Early 1900s- Anti-Asian feelings led San Francisco to become segregated • Theodor Roosevelt spoke with Japan and came to the Gentleman’s Agreement (1907)restricting the immigration of Japanese Laborers, but allowed wives, children, & parents to enter the US

34. Mexico • With the restrictions placed on the Japanese & Chinese workers were needed -> Mexicans • Large numbers already lived in the US because TX, NM, AR, CA were once MEXICO!!! • US had higher wages • 1910 Mexican Civil War pushed Mexicans towards the US

35. Canada • 1865-1900: 900,000 Canadians Immigrated to the US • Many were French speaking Catholics • Stayed in New England working the textile or lumber industry • Largely refused to assimilate and clung to their French heritage (Still Do)