Historical Context

1. Historical Context Italy

2. Officially the Italian Republic • Rome, the capital of Italy, was for centuries the political centre of Western civilization as the capital of the Roman Empire

3. After its decline, Italy endured numerous invasions by foreign peoples, from Germanic tribes such as the Lombards and Ostrogoths, to the Byzantines and later, the Normans, among others.

4. Through much of its post-Roman history, Italy was fragmented into numerous kingdoms and city-states (such as the Kingdom of Sardinia, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and the Duchy of Milan), but was unified in 1861,following a tumultuous period in history known as "Il Risorgimento" ("The Resurgence").

5. Centuries later, Italy became the birthplace of the Renaissance, an immensely fruitful intellectual movement that would prove to be integral in shaping the subsequent course of European thought

6. Events of the Time Bombing of Milan Bank in 1969

7. The Piazza Fontana Bombing (Italian: Strage di Piazza Fontana) was a terrorist attack that occurred on December 12, 1969 at 16:37, when a bomb exploded at the headquarters of BancaNazionaledell'Agricoltura (National Agrarian Bank) in Piazza Fontana (some 200 meters from Duomo) in Milan, Italy, killing 17 people and wounding 88. The same afternoon, three more bombs were detonated in Rome and Milan, and another was found undetonated.

8. Significance • Their aim was to prevent the country falling into the hands of the left -wing by duping the public into believing the bombings were part of a communist insurgency. • It could also be due to the fact that the bank was some 200m away from Duomo, a roman catholic church. (something about communists and left-wingers not supporting the roman catholic church.) • meant to draw attention to the crimes of the Italian Right and Far-Right parties who were allegedly supported by the foreign belligerents.

9. The bank was also the centre of Milan. This act of terror initiated ten years of political terrorism in Italy, between left and right wing extremists. (it was supposedly a deliberate act of provocation)

10. Deaths of Giuseppe Pinelli and Luigi Calabresi • The bombing was initially attribute to anarchists. • After over 80 arrests were made, suspect Giuseppe Pinelli, an anarchist railway worker, died after falling from the fourth floor window of the police station where he was being held. • Serious discrepancies existed in the police account, which initially maintained that Pinelli had committed suicide by leaping from the window during a routine interrogation session.

11. Murder charges against Luigi Calabresi, one of the officers on duty at the time, and other police officials were dropped by the prosecutor (giudice istruttore) for lack of evidence, who decided that Pinelli's fall had been caused by loss of consciousness (“malore”) • According to some sources, "Most Italians continue to believe that Pinelli was murdered by police".

12. In 1972 Calabresi was murdered by left-wing militants in revenge, after which Adriano Sofri and Giorgio Pietrostefani, former leaders of the far-left Lotta Continua were sentenced for organizing, and members Ovidio Bompressi and Leonardo Marino were sentenced for carrying out Calabresi's assassination. • Their convictions were hotly contested by Italian far-left public opinion.

13. Olivetti Kidnapper

14. WHO IS YHE OLIVETTI KIDNAPPER? IT REMAINS A MYSTERY. BECAUSE I CAN’T FIND IT ON GOOGLE.