Ch 23: Revolution & Counter Revolution

1. Europe from 1815-1848 Ch 23: Revolution & Counter Revolution

3. The Congress of Vienna:

4. The leading statesmen at the conference included: • Prince Klemens von Metternich of Austria • Czar Alexander I of Russia • Prince Karl von Hardenberg of Prussia • Lord Castlereagh of Great Britain • Lord Talleyrand of France

5. Prince Hardenberg • Prince Metternich • Viscount Castlereagh • Czar Alexander

6. Two themes of the conference: • “Turn Back the Clock” • “Destroy the Enlightenment”

7. Ideas they supported: • Legitimacy • Compensation • Balance of power

8. Ideas they were against: • Republicanism • Liberalism • Nationalism

9. The winners… • France • Russia • Holland • Prussia • Austria • England • In general, hereditary rulers who had been displaced by Napoleon

10. The losers… • Poland • Finland • Norway • Belgium • The Italian people • The German people • In general, liberals, republicans and nationalists

14. The Holy Alliance, proposed by Czar Alexander I

15. The Quadruple Alliance, organized by Prince Metternich,

17. Liberal, Republican Revolutions, 1820-1829 • 1820, Spain • 1821, The Two Sicilies and Piedmont • 1823, Latin America • 1825, Russia • 1821-1829, the Greeks

18. 1830, a year of Revolution • France • Belgium • Poland • Italian lands • German lands

19. The revolution in France … • 1824, Charles X succeeded his brother Louis XVIII and tried to restore Old Regime conditions….

20. “Paris Barricades” July 27-29,1830

21. “Liberty Leading the People,” 1830

22. In 1830, Louis-Philippe is enthroned as king… • Louis-Philippe enacted a liberal constitution, reducing property qualifications for voting…but… • French success ignited other European revolutions.

23. Belgium wins its independence from Holland, 1830-1832

24. Poland, 1831 The Cadet Revolution led by Piotr Wysocki

25. The Revolutions of 1830… • The revolutions failed in Italy and Poland-revolutionary leaders failed to stir the large peasant populations to the cause of independence and liberalism.

26. The Year of Revolution 1848

28. 1848, the year of revolution… • Economic crises led to food riots • Financial crises led to reduced wages, unemployment • “The absence of liberty…”-censorship, corruption and voting restrictions. • Uprisings for political liberty and nationhood took place throughout Europe. • Major uprising occurred in France, Austria, Italian and German lands.

29. France: the June Revolution-

30. The Second French Empire- • Revolutionists led rioting mobs through Paris and Louis-Philippe fled the city. • The Republic was proclaimed and universal male suffrage was granted. • Napoleon’s nephew, Louis Napoleon was elected president.

32. The Revolutions of 1848 failed… • Inexperienced leadership • Lack of unity and clear goals • Failure of middle class liberals and workers to agree on reforms • Conservative governments were strong enough to prevail • Nationalism was divisive

33. Although mainly unsuccessful, 1848 was a pivotal year… • the downfall of Metternich in Austria and the Metternich system in Europe… • A republic & universal suffrage in France… • A liberal constitution in Piedmont • The end to serfdom in Austria • A “no-so liberal” constitution in Prussia • The recognition that peaceful political and economic pressure had to replace violence and revolution.

34. Any questions?