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The Russian Revolution and the End of World War I

The Russian Revolution and the End of World War I. Fall of the Czar. War - huge burden on Russia Czar Nicholas II (Romanov) Alexandra – influenced by Rasputin Riots, demonstrations Rasputin assassinated 1917 – Nicholas II abdicates his throne (steps down) Ends 300 year Romanov dynasty.

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The Russian Revolution and the End of World War I

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  1. The Russian Revolution and the End of World War I

  2. Fall of the Czar • War - huge burden on Russia • Czar Nicholas II (Romanov) • Alexandra – influenced by Rasputin • Riots, demonstrations • Rasputin assassinated • 1917 – Nicholas II abdicates his throne (steps down) • Ends 300 year Romanov dynasty

  3. The Provisional Government • Provisional government created – Alexander Kerensky • Continues war • Soviets – councils of workers and soldiers • Duma - legislature

  4. Lenin • Lenin leads Bolsheviks (Communists) • Enemy of tsarist Russia, exiled (why?) • Germans helped him return in 1917 to lead Bolsheviks • Promised to take Russia out of the war

  5. The Bolshevik Revolution • Bolsheviks overthrow government, 1917 • Signed Treaty of Brest-Litovsk; Russia withdraws from war; loses lots of territory • Set-up Communist nation • No private property • Goal - spread communism

  6. Civil War • Reds – Communists (Lenin and Trotsky) • Whites – wanted to get rid of Communists (supported by allied powers) • Three years of fighting destroys nation • Red army led by Trotsky well organized, disciplined • White army disorganized, mixture of various groups (including US)

  7. Civil War • The Terror • Lenin uses “war communism” • 1918 – killed czar and his family • Cheka arrested anyone accused of being an “enemy of the revolution” • Restricted religion • By 1921, Lenin had entire country under Communist control • Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.)

  8. Ending of World War I • 1917-1918 – Russia withdrew at the same time as the U.S. enters • Provided supplies and men • Convoy system in Atlantic • Changes tide of war • Armistice signed November 11, 1918 • Austria-Hungary broken into independent republics

  9. Peace Settlement • Woodrow Wilson’s peace plan: • Fourteen Points • 14th point – League of Nations • No alliances, reduction of armaments, self-determination of nations • Saw new world order based on democracy and international cooperation • Very different mood at the peace table…..

  10. Versailles 1919 (France) • “Big Four” • Lloyd George (GB) • Clemenceau (France) • Wilson (US) • Orlando (Italy) • France wanted revenge; crush Germany, remove threat forever, payments

  11. The Treaty • Harsh treatment of Germany • “War Guilt” clause – had to accept blame for war • Reparations ($ compensation) for the war ($56 billion) • Reduce army to 100,000, reduce navy, no air force • Demilitarized or “buffer” zone created

  12. The Treaty • League of Nations created – peacekeeping organization • New nations out of old empires (Germany, Austria, etc.) • Finland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia • U.S. fails to join League – weakens it • U.S. and G.B. withdraw from Europe leaving France to stand alone; tensions, revenge • WWII is only 20 years away!

  13. Effects of the War • Post flu epidemic kills millions • Economic opportunities for women and African Americans • Inflation and economic problems for Europe

  14. Effects of WWI cont. • German, Russian monarchies toppled • Ottoman & Austria-Hungarian empires gone • GB and France emerge victorious but politically & economically weakened • U.S. emerges strong & prosperous

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