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Cellular Respiration. CONVERTS ENERGY IN FOOD TO ENERGY IN ATP. CELLULAR RESPIRATION INVOLVES SEVERAL STEPS. Involves over _______chemical reactions Occurs in cytoplasm and mitochondria Can be divided into three main stages : 1) Glycolysis 2) ____________________________
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Cellular Respiration CONVERTS ENERGY IN FOOD TO ENERGY IN ATP
CELLULAR RESPIRATION INVOLVES SEVERAL STEPS • Involves over _______chemical reactions • Occurs in cytoplasm and mitochondria • Can be divided into three main stages: • 1) Glycolysis • 2) ____________________________ • 3) The electron transport chain
STAGES OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION • 1st Stage: Glycolysis - cytoplasm—anaerobic (______________) • 2nd Stage: Krebs Cycle - mitochondria—aerobic (O2 needed) • 3rd Stage: Electron Transport Chain - _________________—aerobic (O2 needed)
STAGE ONE: GLYCOLYSIS • Does NOT require oxygen anaerobic • First step in cellular respiration • Occurs in cytoplasm • Occurs in ______________ organisms • One glucose molecule is split to form two molecules of pyruvic acid
GLYCOLYSIS HAS 2 PHASES • Energy investment phase: 2 ATP needed to start reaction • Energy harvest phase: 4 ATP produced • Net gain: _____________________
Envelope has inner and outer membranes Inner membrane: Very highly folded provides increased surface area Has many sites where cellular respiration can occur Encloses thick fluid ______________________ STRUCTURE OF MITOCHONDRIA
STAGE TWO: THE KREBS CYCLE • Occurs in matrix of inner mitochondrial membrane • Aerobic – O2 needed • 2 Pyruvic acid 2 Acetyl CoA + 2 CO2 • 2 Acetyl CoA 4 CO2 + 2 ATP • Net result: _________________________
STAGE THREE: ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN • Occurs on inner mitochondrial membrane • Also called oxidative phosphorylation or chemiosmosis • _____________________________________ • Electron transport chain works with H+ ions and ATPsynthase (proteins in membrane) to produce ATP • Generates up to ____________ per original glucose molecule
MAXIMUM ATP PER GLUCOSE • GLYCOLYSIS = 2 ATP • KREBS CYCLE = 2 ATP • ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN / ATP SYNTHASE = 34 ATP ___________ This production results only if O2 is present
FERMENTATION • Process that makes ATP ___________________ • ATP produced in fermentation comes entirely from _____________________________ • Produces no additional ATP • When O2 is not present there is an overall net gain of 2 ATP per glucose molecule • Two major types of fermentation: • Lactic acid fermentation • Alcoholic fermentation
LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION • Occurs in ________________________when O2 supply is too low • Cellular respiration continues but fermentation is main ATP source • Produces __________________- waste product • Results in muscle soreness after strenuous exercise • Relieved after O2 supply restored
LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION Causes________________ ________________________
ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION • __________________: alcoholic fermentation • Produces ___________________instead of lactic acid under anaerobic conditions • Used in brewing industry • Released CO2 makes champagne and beer bubbly • Used by bakers to make bread rise
FERMENTATION IN MICROORGANISMS • Fungi & Bacteria: produce ______________________ like muscle cells • Used to flavor yogurt, some cheeses • Other fermentation processes: • Soybeans soy sauce • Cabbage sauerkraut
