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Thermodynamics

This study involves the equilibrium properties of systems and their surroundings, exploring variables such as temperature, heat, and work. Heat is energy in transit, and various types of systems - open, closed, adiabatic, and isolated - are examined in different scenarios. Equations of state define states in p-V-T space, with examples such as the ideal gas law and Joule's apparatus for measuring heat equivalents. Ideal gas specific heats are also considered.

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Thermodynamics

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  1. Thermodynamics Universe Surroundings System Heat Work Mass • Concerns the study of the Equilibriumproperties (or quasi-static equilibrium) of a system and its surroundings. • Temperatureis a variable, and heat and work are somehow involved. • Heat is energy in transit. The above system is open.

  2. Thermodynamics Universe • Concerns the study of the Equilibriumproperties (or quasi-static equilibrium) of a system and its surroundings. • Temperatureis a variable, and heat and work are somehow involved. • Concerns the study of the Equilibriumproperties (or quasi-static equilibrium) of a system and its surroundings. • Temperatureis a variable, and heat and work are somehow involved. • Heat is energy in transit. Surroundings System Heat Work The above system is closed.

  3. Thermodynamics Universe • Concerns the study of the Equilibriumproperties (or quasi-static equilibrium) of a system and its surroundings. • Temperatureis a variable, and heat and work are somehow involved. • Concerns the study of the Equilibriumproperties (or quasi-static equilibrium) of a system and its surroundings. • Temperatureis a variable, and heat and work are somehow involved. • Heat is energy in transit. Surroundings System Work Mass The above system is undergoing an adiabatic change.

  4. Thermodynamics Universe • Concerns the study of the Equilibriumproperties (or quasi-static equilibrium) of a system and its surroundings. • Temperatureis a variable, and heat and work are somehow involved. • Concerns the study of the Equilibriumproperties (or quasi-static equilibrium) of a system and its surroundings. • Temperatureis a variable, and heat and work are somehow involved. • Heat is energy in transit. Surroundings System The above system is isolated.

  5. Thermodynamics Universe • Concerns the study of the Equilibriumproperties (or quasi-static equilibrium) of a system and its surroundings. • Temperatureis a variable, and heat and work are somehow involved. • Concerns the study of the Equilibriumproperties (or quasi-static equilibrium) of a system and its surroundings. • Temperatureis a variable, and heat and work are somehow involved. • Heat is energy in transit. Surroundings System System Wall The above system is isolated.

  6. Thermodynamics Universe • Concerns the study of the Equilibriumproperties (or quasi-static equilibrium) of a system and its surroundings. • Temperatureis a variable, and heat and work are somehow involved. • Concerns the study of the Equilibriumproperties (or quasi-static equilibrium) of a system and its surroundings. • Temperatureis a variable, and heat and work are somehow involved. • Heat is energy in transit. Surroundings System Heat System Wall The above is an example of a diathermal wall.

  7. Equations of state • Defines a 2D surface in p-V-Tstate space. • Each point on this surface represents an unique state of the system. f(p,V,T) = 0 Equilibrium state: macroscopic variables do not change in time! • An equation of stateis a mathematical relation between state variables, e.g. p, V & T. • This reduces the number of independent variables to two. General form: f(p,V,T) = 0 Example: pV – nmRT = 0 (ideal gas law)

  8. Joule’s apparatus for measuring the mechanical equivalent of heat 1 cal = 4.184 J will raise temperature of water by 1 C (14.5 C to 15.5 C)

  9. Specific heats of ideal gases • Now that we have an expression for the internal energy of an ideal gas, we can calculate the specific heats:

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