Global Programme of Action: Protecting the Marine Environment

2. Insert Page Title here The Global Programme of Action Insert Page Content Here • Preventing the degradation of the marine environment from land based activities + physical alteration and destruction of habitats. • Links freshwater, coastal and marine environments. • Global + regional + national approach. • Non-binding agreement, adopted in 1995 by 108 States and the European Commission.

3. Insert Page Title here The Need for the GPA Insert Page Content Here • 80% of all marine pollution comes from land-based activities!

4. Insert Page Title here Why Focus on Marine and Coastal Areas? Insert Page Content Here • The sustainable use of coastal and ocean resources is linked to public health, food security, and economic and social benefits, including cultural values and traditional livelihoods.

5. Insert Page Title here Why Focus on Marine and Coastal Areas? Insert Page Content Here • Nearly half of the global population resides in coastal areas • 2/3rd of the world’s cities are • coastal • Goods and services provided • by marine coastal ecosystems • are worth US $ 13 trillion per annum, which equals to half of the annual global GDP

6. Insert Page Title here Contribution of Coastal Resources in Global GDP Insert Page Content Here

7. Insert Page Title here The Core of the GPA Insert Page Content Here • GPA is a source of conceptual and practical guidance, • specifies action required at national level, and advocates regional and international cooperation, • recommends approaches by source category: • Sewage Heavy Metals Litter • Nutrients POP’s Sediment mobilisation • Radioactive Oils Physical alteration & • substances (hydrocarbons) destruction of habitats

8. Insert Page Title here GPA Programmes Insert Page Content Here • National Programmes of Action (NPA) • Strategic Action Plan on Municipal Wastewater (SAP) • Physical Alterations and Destruction of Habitats (PADH) • Integrated Coastal Area and River Basin Management (ICARM) • Innovative Financing • Overall Focus: “from Planning to Action”

9. Implementation through NPAs and the UNEP Regional Seas Programme: 18 Regional Seas, covering 140 countries +++ binding conventions +++

10. Second Intergovernmental Reviewof the Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-Based Sources of Pollution Beijing, 16-20 October 2006

11. Insert Page Title here Reporting to IGR-2 Insert Page Content Here The State of the Coastal & Marine Environment Trends and Processes A global analysis describing progress in addressing the GPA source categories, based on a number of regional workshops, D S P I R using existing global assessments, like GESAMP, GEO, GIWA, WWDR, GMA, etc., also regional/national reports and literature

12. Insert Page Title here Observations Insert Page Content Here • scattered data • no consistent monitoring networks at regional level • no adequate time series • many project level initiatives, • often having diverging objectives and/or indicators • monitoring as part of a management cyclus • various scales in space and time, aggregation levels • - not all data are acknowledged by national government • Need for harmonisation ! domestic wastewater discharges nutrients

13. Insert Page Title here Information needs MWW <> GPA Insert Page Content Here • Sewage is a primary source category polluting coastal waters • as listed in the GPA & as identified by most Regional Seas • Various Regional Seas have protocols addressing MWW, • and need to report accordingly • MWW is regarded a dimension of MDG - target 10 on W&S, • and is being reported in the JMP on W&S • However • -Connection & treatment are often reported as national data, not RS • -RS focal point & ministries are often not the same as those for W&S • -Difficult to disaggregate nationally reported data, both for coastal • regions and river basins • -Alternative technologies often not included (e.g. ecological sanitation)

14. Wastewater in UNEP/Regional Seas

15. Addressing Water and Sanitation is not restricted to ‘taps and toilets’ Collection, treatment, re-use and re-allocation to the environment are important aspects to consider

16. Improved Sanitation: Status in 2002 58% coverage, 2.6 bn people without access Meeting the MDG Drinking Water and Sanitation Target: Mid-term Assessment of Progress WHO/UNICEF JMP, 2004

17. Insert Page Title here Information needs Sewage-Nutrients Insert Page Content Here • - Discharges of untreated sewage are supposed to affect • Human Health, Biodiversity & Ecosystem functioning, economic • Sectors e.g. fisheries, tourism,… in coastal waters & oceans • > assessments of impacts attributable to sewage • > economic valuation of goods & services • Growing awareness of importance of nutrients (incl. sewage, • agriculture, sediments, dust, natural run off, atmospheric dep.) • > regional differentiation in management approaches • > no global policy mechanism addressing nutrients • There are extensive reporting mechanisms on nutrients (N,P), • Mainly load based data, based on national emissions per sector, • pathway modeling, and, to a lesser extent coupled with water • quality models

18. Insert Page Title here Information needs Sewage-Nutrients Insert Page Content Here • However: • Such data are of poor quality in many developing countries • if they at all exist • Emission reduction scenario’s are often in-country oriented, • sometimes river basin oriented, but often not taking into • account: trans-boundary cumulative effects, • coastal regions characteristics (100 km, <50 m) • aggregating at the level of regional seas • - Example Baltic Sea • ecologically limiting factors • - P/N ratio’s, and Si; Fe • resilience, nutrient scarce systems

19. Insert Page Title here Visit the new UNEP/GPA Coordination Office Website Insert Page Content Here www.gpa.unep.org