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Collective Expansion in Quark-Gluon Plasma Studies

Explore Thermal, Chemical Freeze-Out & Jet Modification in High-Energy Collisions. Understand Radial, Elliptic Expansion Dynamics and Hadronization Processes.

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Collective Expansion in Quark-Gluon Plasma Studies

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  1. Collective Expansion of QGP ShinIchi Esumi Univ. of Tsukuba, Inst. of Physics • Thermal, chemical freeze-out • Radial, elliptic expansion • Jet modification ShinIchi Esumi, Univ. of Tsukuba, Japan

  2. QGP Hadron ShinIchi Esumi, Univ. of Tsukuba, Japan

  3. t z RHIC(200GeV) LHC(5500GeV) SPS (17GeV) AGS (4GeV) BNL CERN thermal freeze-out chemical freeze-out quark gluon plasma ShinIchi Esumi, Univ. of Tsukuba, Japan

  4. chemical freeze-out the end of inelastic interactions, when the particle species and ratios are frozen Phys. Rev. C 73(2006) 034905 ‘net’ proton dN/dy extrapolated to LHC AGS SPS charged particle dN/dy RHIC 62 BRAHMS preliminary RHIC 200 LHC 5500 PHOBOS ShinIchi Esumi, Univ. of Tsukuba, Japan

  5. thermal freeze-out the end of elastic interactions, when the momentum spectra are frozen Teff = Tfo+ 0.5 m v 2 SPS Pb+Pb Central collective expansion radial flow locally thermal RHIC Au+Au Peripheral RHIC Au+Au Central ShinIchi Esumi, Univ. of Tsukuba, Japan

  6. AuAu Central charm hadron AuAu Central strangeness hadron AuAu Central , K, p SQM06, Yifei Zhang SQM06, Yifei Zhang nucl-ex/0307024 History of hadron freeze-out ShinIchi Esumi, Univ. of Tsukuba, Japan

  7. z x y x z sideward flow (v1) Reaction Plane (R.P.) y elliptic azimuthal event anisotropy low pT high pT elliptic flow (v2) x -p 0 p fparticle-FR.P. (rad) initial geometryfinal momentum anisotropy anisotropic flow dN/df ShinIchi Esumi, Univ. of Tsukuba, Japan

  8. Maya Shimomura will talk today! System size dependence of v2 Hiroshi Masui (also talks today!) will be discussing similar data but in a different way from STAR. 0.2<pT<1.0 [GeV/c] V2//Npart1/3 vs. Npart v2/ vs. Npart v2 vs. Npart Dividing by Npart1/3 : relate this with expansion time PHENIX PRELIMINARY Systematic errors from eccentricity is not included here. v2/ (Au+Au) = v2/ (Cu+Cu) v2/eccentricity is scaled by Npart1/3 and not dependent on the collision system. ShinIchi Esumi, Univ. of Tsukuba, Japan

  9. Hadron Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 052301 (2007) particle identified v2 at RHIC Number of constituent quark scaling in hadron v2 as well as multi-strange baryon v2: v2 is already established during the quark phase before the hadronization. This seems to be true even for heavy quark like charm. QM08: A.Dion QM06 STAR preliminary ShinIchi Esumi, Univ. of Tsukuba, Japan

  10. Quark momentum distribution (from hadron momentum distribution and quark coalescence picture especially using early freeze-out multi-strangeness hadrons) SQM06, Jin-Hui Chen His talk today! * Similar mT spectra between strange and light quarks, but a slight ”effective mass” dependence which may come from radial flow of partonic stage. * There seems to be centrality dependence, which maybe different between strange and light quarks. (We should see the build up of patonic collectivity.) s = (sss) / (ss) compared with s = {(sss)}1/3 and/ors = {(ss)}1/2 * q = (qss) / (ss) (or s from above) compared with q from late freeze out charged hadrons (,K,p) to see the additional radial flow from hadronic stage. ShinIchi Esumi, Univ. of Tsukuba, Japan

  11. source geometry from HBT (also tells us the history of expansion) common initial source geometry from centrality measurement AGS RHIC final source geometry from HBT measurement final particle emission anisotropy from v2 measurement ShinIchi Esumi, Univ. of Tsukuba, Japan

  12. jet p p Au Au RHIC 200GeV RHIC 62GeV SPS 17GeV PHENIX nucl-ex/0611019 S.Kniege, ISMD 2007 Jet suppression modification with 2-particle Df correlation ShinIchi Esumi, Univ. of Tsukuba, Japan

  13. System Size and Beam Energy Dependence of Jet Shape nucl-ex/0611019 No energy dependence (62 ~ 200GeV) Rapid change between Npart = 0 ~ 100 Almost no change above Npart > 100 ShinIchi Esumi, Univ. of Tsukuba, Japan

  14. Transverse Momentum (Trigger, Associate) Dependence of Jet Shape arXiv:0801.4545 Suppression in both near/away side peak at high pT Enhancement in near side peak at low pT Development of away side shoulder at low pT No pT dependence of shoulder peak position, also in 3-p correlation, both results support mach-cone emission. ShinIchi Esumi, Univ. of Tsukuba, Japan

  15. d+Au, 200 GeV Au+Au, 200 GeV STAR QM06 “jet” Ridge Df(rad) Dh p+p, peripheral Au+Au central Au+Au PHENIX QM08 ShinIchi Esumi, Univ. of Tsukuba, Japan

  16. Centrality Dependence of Ridge and Shoulder Yield and <pT> QM08 PHENIX Both ridge and shoulder yields increase linearly with Npart. Similar (flat) centrality dependence on inverse slope parameter for both ridge and shoulder. Jet (p+p) like pT shape is harder than ridge, ridge is harder than shoulder, shoulder is similar to inclusive. ShinIchi Esumi, Univ. of Tsukuba, Japan

  17. TInclusive ~ TShoulder ~ TRidge < TJet < < STAR Preliminary QM06 inclusive ridge jet QM08 Both ridge and shoulder <pT> are almost independent with centrality and trigger pT selections. It’s just like a bulk matter… suspicious on BG(bulk) subtraction… but this is what we see… ShinIchi Esumi, Univ. of Tsukuba, Japan

  18. Hadron trigger with identified associate Baryon/Meson --- Mach-cone property --- arXiv:0712.3033 Near/Away-side B/M ratio increases in central Away-side B/M ratios approach inclusive values Incompatible with in-vacuum fragmentation ShinIchi Esumi, Univ. of Tsukuba, Japan

  19. Several Ridge properties QM08: Bedanga Mohanty QM08: Aoqi Feng STAR Preliminary Ridge vs. Inclusive Au+Au 200 GeV QM08: Paul Sorenson 20-60% STAR Preliminary 3< pTtrig < 4 GeV/cpTasso : 1.0- 1.5 GeV/c Jet Cone vs. Inclusive 20-60% sys. error v2{RP} sys. error v2{4} STAR Preliminary ShinIchi Esumi, Univ. of Tsukuba, Japan

  20. J of Phys: Conf 27 (2005) 98 M. Daugherity, QM08 yt2 yt1 2-particle correlation without high pT trigger selection 200GeV p+p transverse correlations pT (Gev/c) axial correlations 4 3 2 1 0.5 φΔ STAR Preliminary ηΔ yt ~ ln(pt) soft component hard component These structures define minijet correlations φΔ ηΔ φΔ ηΔ Longitudinal Fragmentation (“strings”) 1D Gaussian, US pairs HBT peak at origin, LS pairs Minijets 2D Gaussian at origin, away-side peak actually cos(φΔ) ShinIchi Esumi, Univ. of Tsukuba, Japan

  21. M. Daugherity, QM08 Δφ Δη 84-93% 75-84% 65-75% 55-65% 46-55% longitudinal fragmentation 1D gaussian HBT, res., e+e- 2D exponential Minijet Peak 2D gaussian Away-side -cos(φ) Elliptic flow cos(2φΔ) 1.2M minbias 200 GeV Au+Au events Included all tracks with pT > 0.15 GeV/c, |η| < 1, full φ STAR Preliminary 19-28% 28-38% 9-19% 5-9% 0-5% ShinIchi Esumi, Univ. of Tsukuba, Japan

  22. longitudinal (density correlation length Kensuke Homma, tomorrow! data - fit (except same-side peak) QM08 STAR 83-94% 55-65% STAR Preliminary STAR Preliminary 46-55% 0-5% ηΔ width STAR Preliminary STAR Preliminary Shape changes little from peripheral to the transition Peak Amplitude Peak η Width Peak φ Width STAR Preliminary STAR Preliminary STAR Preliminary 200 GeV 62 GeV Large change within ~10% centrality Smaller change from transition to most central Extracted 2-D near-side Gaussian parameters are shown. The strong  width change vs centrality should have a relation to the ridge formation. Centrality binary scaling assumption in Kharzeev and Nardi model HIJING 1.382 default 200 GeV, quench off ShinIchi Esumi, Univ. of Tsukuba, Japan

  23. Jet modification and geometry (and v2) QM04: STAR QM08: STAR, PHENIX STAR Mach-cone shape depends on R.P. angle. Mach-cone is a source of of v2 3<pTtrig<4GeV/c & 1.0<pTasso<1.5GeV/c 20-60%  = associate - trigger (rad) ShinIchi Esumi, Univ. of Tsukuba, Japan

  24. Ridge Jet Dh Shoulder (cone) Head () Shoulder (cone) v2 Ridge v2 Df Df Ridge/Cone and geometry (v2) Au+Au, 200 GeV “jet” STAR Ridge Dh Df(rad) QM08 STAR 3<pTtrig<4, 1.5<pTtrig<2.0 GeV/c Ridge Jet does not depends on it Jet reduces v2 Ridge shape depends on R.P. angle. Ridge is a source of of v2 STAR Preliminary Jet ShinIchi Esumi, Univ. of Tsukuba, Japan

  25. trigger y Df away side near side x PYTHIA p+p away side of a back-to-back(b-t-b) jet is wider in  than in  If there are two parallel b-t-b jets, away side of one b-t-b jet can be near side of the another b-t-b jet. Suppression as well as modification of b-t-b jet would depend on relative angle w.r.t. almond geometry, we know this from v2 measurement and believe this is the major source of v2 at high pT . Therefore, there should be inter b-t-b jets correlation give by the geometry from (3), this could make near side ridge like effect, especially if the effect (3) has shaper dependence than v2(=cos2x). We always measure inclusive v2, which includes the effect (3). Therefore any modification which could generates the elliptic anisotropy would be included in the measured v2 . We subtract BG contribution with this v2 from (5) by maximizing BG contribution assuming zero jet yield at minimum at any d. If near and away side jets overlap each other, this subtraction underestimates the jet yield and can change the extracted jet shape. If you extract angular dependence of jet w.r.t. R.P., the results will easily be affected by the choice of v2 from (5). Dh Df(rad) ShinIchi Esumi, Univ. of Tsukuba, Japan

  26. associate particle direction at same |Df| w.r.t. red dashed line but with different arrow length -p 0 p associate particle direction at same |Df| w.r.t. trigger particle but with different arrow length In order to study the jet modification (mach-cone, ridge) and it’s relation with almond geometry in more detail… y y (1) (4) (3) (2) Df>0 x(R.P.) x(R.P.) (3) Df>0 (2) (2) Df<0 Df<0 Trigger particle (4) Trigger particle Df=fASSO.-fTRIG. (1) with and without R.P. aligned event mixing ShinIchi Esumi, Univ. of Tsukuba, Japan

  27. Summary (1) Thermal, chemical freeze-out Tch ~ QGP phase boundary History of thermal freeze-out (2) Radial, elliptic expansion Quark phase Quark coalescence History of radial, elliptic expansion (3) Jet suppression, modification QGP matter property relation between v2 and modification subtraction of flow, which includes the modification jet-jet correlation via reaction plane (part of v2) ShinIchi Esumi, Univ. of Tsukuba, Japan

  28. (8) (7) (6) (5) R.P. (4) (3) (2) (1) ave (1)~(8) Pure Flow Simulation with trigger angle selection w.r.t. R.P. with/without R.P. aligned event mixing ave (1),(8) ave (2),(7) ave (3),(6) ave (4),(5) without R.P. aligned event mixing (1) (8) (2) (7) (3) (6) (4) (5) (1) (8) (2) (7) (3) (6) (4) (5) with R.P. aligned event mixing ShinIchi Esumi, Univ. of Tsukuba, Japan

  29. M. Issah, QM08 V4 V4/(nq)2 ShinIchi Esumi, Univ. of Tsukuba, Japan

  30. K. Miki, QM08 PHENIX preliminary ShinIchi Esumi, Univ. of Tsukuba, Japan

  31. Df*=0 Dq*=p jet Deflected Jets Cone like Jets p p PHENIX Preliminary PHENIX Preliminary Au Au 3-particle correlation “Df12 vs Df13” d+Au Collisions Both measurements prefer Mach-cone scenario. (1-2)/2 Au+Au Central 0-12% Cone angle (radians) No pT dependence, too. STAR Preliminary (1-2)/2 pT (GeV/c) STAR Preliminary ShinIchi Esumi, Univ. of Tsukuba, Japan

  32. Same Side Far Side double peak region pregion Near Region Away Region Shoulder Region Head Region Shoulder Region A Large BG Subtraction with v2 like Flow Shape Description of Jet Shape with Several Key Words ShinIchi Esumi, Univ. of Tsukuba, Japan

  33. PRL91(2003)0723042<pTAsso.<pTt 4< pTTrig.< 6 GeV/c PRL95(2005)1523010.15<pTAsso.<4 4< pTTrig.< 6 GeV/c ShinIchi Esumi, Univ. of Tsukuba, Japan

  34. 0-20% Au+Au 20-40% 60-92% Solid points are Au+Au, open points are p+p, red/blue colors show systematic errors. More central arXiv:0801.4545 ShinIchi Esumi, Univ. of Tsukuba, Japan

  35. p+p vs Au+Au cent 60-92% ShinIchi Esumi, Univ. of Tsukuba, Japan

  36. p+p vs Au+Au cent 0-20% ShinIchi Esumi, Univ. of Tsukuba, Japan

  37. arXiv:0801.4545 ShinIchi Esumi, Univ. of Tsukuba, Japan

  38. arXiv:0801.4545 ShinIchi Esumi, Univ. of Tsukuba, Japan

  39. arXiv:0801.4545 ShinIchi Esumi, Univ. of Tsukuba, Japan

  40. M. P. McCumber, QM08 Jet + Flow (Raw) Jet (Flow subtracted) ShinIchi Esumi, Univ. of Tsukuba, Japan

  41. ShinIchi Esumi, Univ. of Tsukuba, Japan

  42. ShinIchi Esumi, Univ. of Tsukuba, Japan

  43. arXiv:0801.4545 ShinIchi Esumi, Univ. of Tsukuba, Japan

  44. ShinIchi Esumi, Univ. of Tsukuba, Japan

  45. ShinIchi Esumi, Univ. of Tsukuba, Japan

  46. ShinIchi Esumi, Univ. of Tsukuba, Japan

  47. Identified 0 trigger with associate hadron QM08 PHENIX 7-9 (X) 4-5 60-90% 7-9 (X) 1-2 0-20% PHENIX preliminary 7-9 (X) 4-5 40-60% 7-9 (X) 4-5 20-40% 7-9 (X) 4-5 0-20% 7-9 (X) 6-8 40-60% Width does not change with centrality similar to charged hadron triggered case. ShinIchi Esumi, Univ. of Tsukuba, Japan

  48. ShinIchi Esumi, Univ. of Tsukuba, Japan

  49. Run 6 p+p @ 200 GeV 1/Ntrig dN/dDf (A.U.) Per-Trigger Yield (A.U.) pT, photon GeV QM08 PHENIX Direct  trigger with associate hadron p+p: Consistent with trigger photon carrying the full jet energy, away side jets are similar between 0 and  triggers. Run 7 Au+Au @ 200 GeV, cent=0~20%, preliminary Run 4/5 p+p/Au+Au @ 200 GeV Need more studies and statistics for Au+Au case. 0 ShinIchi Esumi, Univ. of Tsukuba, Japan

  50. Fit model 84-93% 84-93% 75-84% 75-84% 65-75% 65-75% 55-65% 55-65% 46-55% 46-55% 19-28% 19-28% 28-38% 28-38% 9-19% 9-19% 5-9% 5-9% 0-5% 0-5% Fit residual = data - model ShinIchi Esumi, Univ. of Tsukuba, Japan

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