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Long-Term Memory

Long-Term Memory. Introduction STM versus LTM Episodic Memory Semantic Memory Procedural Memory Encoding in Long-Term Memory Depth of Processing (or Levels of Processing) Self Reference Effect Encoding Specificity Principle Emotions, Moods, and Memory. Long-Term Memory 2.

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Long-Term Memory

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  1. Long-Term Memory • Introduction • STM versus LTM • Episodic Memory • Semantic Memory • Procedural Memory • Encoding in Long-Term Memory • Depth of Processing (or Levels of Processing) • Self Reference Effect • Encoding Specificity Principle • Emotions, Moods, and Memory

  2. Long-Term Memory 2 • Retrieval in Long-Term Memory • Explicit versus Implicit Memory • Very Long-Term Memory • Expertise • Amnesia • Autobiographical Memory • Flashbulb Memories • Schemas & Autobiographical Memory • Source Monitoring • Eyewitness Testimony

  3. Tulving’s Memory Model • Episodic • Semantic • Procedural

  4. Encoding in LTM • Levels (depth) of processing • Self-Reference Effect • Encoding Specificity Principle • Emotion and Memory • Mood and Memory

  5. Levels of Processing Framework • Craik & Lockhart (1972) • Type of Processing • Physical Processing > shallow • Meaningful Processing > deep • Trace byproduct of processing • Deeper processing leads to more durable traces

  6. Levels of Processing Demonstration

  7. Levels of Processing Demo Picture

  8. Maintenance Rehearsal vs.Elaborative Rehearsal

  9. Research on LOP and Similar Themes • Tulving (1975) • Generation Effect (1978) • e.g. light d_ _ k (generation) vs. light dark (read) • Faces - e.g. Sporer (1991)

  10. Judge how wide the person’s nose is:

  11. Picture of Face with Narrow Nose

  12. Picture of Face with Wide Nose

  13. Judge how honest this face is

  14. Explanations • Distinctiveness • Elaboration

  15. Self-Reference Effect • Rogers, Kuiper, & Kirker (1997) • Process list of words: • Physical characteristics • Acoustic characteristics • Semantic characteristics • Self - (reference) • Robust effect • Symons & Johnson (1997) • Meta-analysis • Explanations

  16. Rogers, et. al., 1977

  17. Revisions to LOP • Moscovitch & Craik (1975) -Encoding Specificity Principle • Bransford & Franks - Transfer Appropriate Processing

  18. Effects of Context • Geiselman & Glenny (1977) • Outshining hypothesis

  19. Effects of Context • Baddeley - scuba diving • Remembering names - faces as contextual cues • Practical Application - imaginary reinstatement

  20. Geiselman & Glenny (1997) Encoding (Imagined) female voice male voice Test (Actual Speaker) male female male female

  21. Geiselman & Glenny Results

  22. How can we use theEncoding Specificity Principle to improve memory for events?

  23. Mood & Memory • Memory for items differing in emotion • Pollyanna Principle • Mood Congruence - individual differences studies - experimental manipulation of moods • Mood-State Dependence - Claudia Ucros (1989) - meta-analysis - other variables

  24. Study each of the words that appear Picture Commerce Motion Village Vessel Window Number Reindeer Custom Fellow Advice Dozen Flower Kitchen Bookstore

  25. Explicit Memory Measures

  26. Implicit Memory Measures Picture, Commerce, Motion, Village,Vessel,Window, Number, Reindeer, Custom, Fellow, Advice, Dozen, Flower, Kitchen, Bookstore

  27. Explicit vs Implicit Measures of Memory • Explicit memory measures: • recall • recognition • Implicit memory measures: • Word fragment completion • Stem completion • Repetition priming • Role of conscious, deliberate recollection

  28. The Critical Distinction • Explicit memory tasks require conscious, deliberate recollection of previous experiences • Implicit memory tasks do not require conscious recollection of previous events e.g., b_ _ k

  29. Research with Amnesics • Warrington & Weiskrantz (1970) • Tasks explicit - recognition, recall implicit - mutilated word guessing - stem completion e.g. st_ _ _ • Replicated • Dissociation

  30. Dissociation • A variable has an effect on one type of test, but little or no effect on another type of test • A variable has one type of effect if measured by Test A, but a different effect if measured by Test B

  31. Research with Normal Adults • Levels of processing and the implicit / explicit distincion • Picture Superiority Effect • Current Status - explanations - applications

  32. truck Levels of Processing: Explicit/Implict Tests Semantic (pleasant vs unpleasant) Physical, perceptual Task (# syllables or Upper/lower case?) Explicit Memory Test Higher recall, recognition * ___ Implicit Memory Test (e.g. t_u_k) ___ Higher--or at least equal performance*

  33. Picture Superiority Effect • Subjects view a series of pictures or a series of words • Subjects recall stimuli by writing down names of items -- recall of pictures is higher than recall of words. Elephant versus.

  34. Weldon & Roediger (1987)

  35. Weldon & Roediger Graph (1987)

  36. Explanations • No agreed-upon explanation • Context & encoding specificity • Multiple memory systems • e.g. Tulving • Neuroscience account

  37. Applications of implicit / explicit memory research to real life problems?

  38. Ad for Experimental Psychologists

  39. Expertise • Influence on LTM • Definition - consistent superior performance - deliberate practice - at least 10 years • Domain specific • 10-year rule

  40. Context-Specific Nature of Expertise • Skilled memory effect • Chess -De Groot -Chase & Simon (1973): 5 second task typical vs. random positions • Similar effects in many domains: -basketball -x-rays -circuit diagrams, etc. • SF (digits only)

  41. An Expert Waiter - JC • Ericsson (1985) • J.C. - 20 tops • Comparison of J.C. to college students • Critical difference = memory strategies and knowledge • Follow-up study (Crutcher, Ericsson, & Bauder)

  42. Expert Waiters Study: A Trial

  43. JC’s Strategies

  44. Characteristics of Experts

  45. Autobiographical Memory • Memory for events and issues related to yourself • Naturally occurring events • Rapidly growing interest • Wide variety of topics • High ecological validity

  46. Topics • Flashbulb Memories • Brown & Kulik (1977) • High level of surprise • High level of emotional arousal • Recent Research (Weaver, 1993) • Schemas & Autobiographical Memory • Generalized, abstract knowledge structures • Memory for common, ordinary events • Variable instantiation • False memories • Consistency bias • Repisodic Memory

  47. Topics • Source Monitoring • Origin of a memory • Actual versus imagined action • Marsh & Colleagues (1997) • Henkel & Colleagues (2000)

  48. Flashbulb Memory Demonstration

  49. Schematization of Memory

  50. Eyewitness Testimony • The ‘gentleman bandit’ (1979) • Identifying faces • Recognition accuracy • Time and attention • Reintz, et al. (1994, p 45) • Length of retention interval • Intervening info • Misleading post-event info

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