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Long-term Memory

Long-term Memory. Differs from short-term memory Huge capacity (relatively) slow access time Forgetting occurs more slowly; little decay Long-term memory structure Episodic memory Serial form Semantic memory Derived from episode memory. Semantic Network. association.

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Long-term Memory

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  1. Long-term Memory • Differs from short-term memory • Huge capacity • (relatively) slow access time • Forgetting occurs more slowly; little decay • Long-term memory structure • Episodic memory • Serial form • Semantic memory • Derived from episode memory

  2. Semantic Network association

  3. Frame-Based Representation

  4. Frame-Based Representation

  5. Production System • IF dog is wagging tail • THEN pat dog • IF dog is growling • THEN run away

  6. Long-term Memory Processes • How do we store information in LTM? • How do we forget? • How do we retrieve the information?

  7. Storing Information • Learning time • Total time hypothesis • The distribution of practice effect • Semantic categories • Dog, cat, bird, fish • Dog, corgi, labrador

  8. 單字 關鍵字 字義 知識分子 Intellectual 女人 Woman 戲院 Theatre 嗜好 Hobby 梯子 Ladder Storing Information: Keyword Mnemonics

  9. Storing Information: Mental Image • Bower’s study Dog-Bicycle : 45% 80% A cat is building a brick wall A cat is sitting on a brick wall Vs.

  10. How to Forget?—Decay Jost’s law of forgetting Ebbinghaus’s forgetting curve

  11. How to Forget?—Interference • Retroactive interference • Ex: the 10th house’s addr.  the 1st house’s addr. • Proactive interference • Ex: the first week you know the new mobile number Time in experiment

  12. How to Forget?—Interference • 請看隨堂分發的補充資料 • 鄭昭明著，認知心理學：理論與實踐，三版，桂冠出版，2006，第190-191頁。 • 記憶時自動尋求語意的關連 • 展現了基模理論的預測

  13. Retrieving information • Two types of information retrieval • Recall • Recognition • Theory: two-process theory • Do we really forget something? • It’s impossible to prove that we do forget (A. Dix) • The ‘tip of the tongue’ experience • Recognition • Interference

  14. Class Discussion • Guess how best memorizing pi could be • How do you remember the following list? • Milk, Sugar, Bananas, Lettuce, Tomato, Newspaper, Cheese, Butter, Bread, Lemonade • Share your comments on the memory-enhancing technique • A. Dix’s suggestion • Share your comments about A. Dix’s suggestion

  15. A. Dix’s List • Bun • Shoe • Tree • Door • Hive • Sticks • Heaven • Gate • Wine • Hen

  16. 1.4 Thinking: Reasoning and Problem Solving

  17. Thinking • Humans are unique due to this mental process • Thinking with partial (or no) information • Conscious (and self-aware) • And unconscious maybe • Two categories of thinking • Reasoning • Problem solving • Not distinct

  18. Reasoning • To infer conclusion or new knowlege • Deductive reasoning • Derive logically necessary conclusion • 凡人都會死 • 蘇格拉底是人 • 蘇格拉底會死 • 這是有效(valid)的演繹推理嗎? • IF it is raining THEN the ground is dry • It is raining • The ground is dry

  19. Deductive Reasoning • Deductive reasoning 1 • Some people are babies • Some babies cry ? • Deductive reasoning 2 • Some X is Y • Some Y is Z  Some X is Z?

  20. Deductive Reasoning • Why poor human deduction? • To bring world knowledge into reasoning • Take short cut • If validity is preferred • Make every premise explicit • Talk to your advisor

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