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SKELETAL SYSTEM

Learn about the functions, structure, and common abnormal conditions of the skeletal system, including bone formation, organization, bone tissue types, bone growth, and bone disorders like scoliosis and osteoporosis.

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SKELETAL SYSTEM

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  1. SKELETAL SYSTEM

  2. Functions of the Skeletal System Bones are made of OSSEOUS TISSUE Support Protection Movement Blood cell formation (bone marrow) - hematopoeisis Storage of organic and inorganic materials (salt, calcium, potassium, lipids….)

  3. ORGANIZATION About 206 bones in the adult body 2 Main Divisions – Axial & Appendicular

  4. Axial Skeleton Head, neck, trunk Skull Hyoid Bone Vertebral Column Thoracic Cage (ribs, 12 pairs) Sternum

  5. Hyoid Bone The hyoid bone is unique because it is the only bone that is not attached to any other bones.

  6. Limbs & Bones that connect to the • Pectoral Girdle (shoulders) • Pelvic Girdle (hips) Appendicular Skeleton

  7. Epiphysis • Diaphysis • Articular Cartilage • Periosteum BONE STRUCTURE - Long Bone

  8. Medullary Cavity – hollow chamber filled with bone marrow Red Marrow (blood) Yellow Marrow (fat) Endosteum – lining of the medullary Inside the Long Bone

  9. Compact (wall of the diaphysis) Spongy (cancellous, epiphysis) - red marrow Types of Bone Tissue

  10. Structure of a Long Bone Figure 6.3a-c

  11. Review the Structure of a Long Bone Matching quiz at http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/ap/holehaap/student/olc2/chap07matching01.html

  12. MATRIX - where the bone cells live OSTEOCYTES  - mature bone cells, enclosed in tiny chambers called LACUNAE OSTEOCYTES form rings (LAMELLAE) around a HAVERSIAN CANAL which houses blood vessels Osteocytes are linked by CANALICULI Haversian Canals are linked by VOLKMAN's CANALS Microscopic Structure

  13. Compact Bone BONE COLORING!

  14. Test Yourself Find the... Haversian Canal Volkman's Canal Lamellae Spongy Bone Compact Bone

  15. BONE DEVELOPMENT & GROWTH • Intramembranous bones – flat, skull •  Endochondral bones – all other • ALL BONES START AS HYALINE CARTILAGE, areas graduallly turn to bone • PRIMARY OSSIFICATION CENTER (shaft) • SECONDARY OSSIFICATION CENTER (ends)

  16. EPIPHYSEAL DISK  (growth plate) is a band of cartilage between the epiphysis and diaphysis These areas increase bone length as the cells ossify Cartilage becomes OSTEOBLASTS become OSTEOCYTES Bone Development & Growth

  17. RESORPTION OSTEOCLASTS - dissolve bone tissue to release minerals,  process is called RESORPTION

  18. Bone Growth

  19. Bone Growth

  20. Abnormal Bone Conditions BONE SPURS: abnormal growth. Can occur on any bone (e.g. heel). OSTEOPOROSIS: Increased activity of osteoclasts cause a break down bone, and the subsequent fewer minerals in the extracellular matrix make it fragile. The spongy bone especially becomes more porous. Men get it as well as women. What’s the best way to prevent osteoporosis? Exercise! What does exercise do? Makes bones bigger. The most common bone used for a bone graft is the iliac bone of the hip.

  21. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease which causes joint stiffness and bone deformity Source: http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/public/article3233439.ece

  22. SCOLIOSIS • SCOLIOSIS is a lateral curve in the spine

  23. KYPHOSIS • KYPHOSIS is a hunchback curve

  24. LORDOSIS • LORDOSIS is a swayback in the lower region.

  25. ANKYLOSIS • ANKYLOSIS is severe arthritis in the spine and the vertebrae fuse.

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