Animal Nutrition and Feeds

1. Animal Nutrition and Feeds

2. What is Nutrition! Nutrition is the science of dealing with the utilization of food by the body processes which transforms food into body tissues and energy.

3. The Importance of Nutrition To obtain and utilize surplus or unusable feed stuffs And convert them to desirable products such as meat, milk, eggs, fiber and work.

4. What is a Nutrient? A single class of food or group of like foods that aids in the support of life and makes it possible for animals to grow or provide energy for physiological processes.

5. Digestible Nutrient The portion of the nutrient which may be broken down (digested) and absorbed and used by the body.

6. The Six Nutrients Needed • Protein • Carbohydrates • Fats • Minerals • Vitamins • Water

7. Proteins • Needed for growth and repair • Helps form muscles, internal organs, skin, hair,wool, feathers, hoofs and horns • Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

8. Examples of Proteins • Meat and Bone Meal • Fish Meal • Soybean Meal • Cottonseed Meal • Dried Skim Milk • Amino Acids

9. Carbohydrates • Furnish energy for body functions, growth • and reproduction • The largest part of the animals food supply • and usually the fibrous part of the diet • Include sugars, starch and cellulose • Are made of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen

10. Fats • Furnish a concentrated source of energy, up to • 2.25 times as much energy as carbohydrates do • Form cholesterol, steroids and other body • compounds • Found in every cell in the body • Affect the condition of skin and hair • Are made of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen, but • contain much larger proportions of carbon and • hydrogen than carbohydrates do • They also provide energy reserves, protection for • vital organs, and they insulate the body

11. Minerals • Primarily found in bones and teeth • Important in blood for the carrying of oxygen • Regulates heartbeat with potassium, sodium and calcium Example: Calcium Formation Found in rocks

12. VITAMINS • Are only needed in small amounts • Are essential for life and health • Provide a defense against disease, • promote growth and reproduction • Contribute to the general health of • the animal

13. WATER • Accounts for 70% or more of the • composition of most plants and animals

14. FEED CLASSIFICATIONS • Roughages • Concentrates • Supplements

15. ROUGHAGES • High in Fiber and relatively low in • digestible nutrients • Examples of roughages: • Alfalfa • Clover • Soybean • Oat hay • Corn Silage

16. Concentrates • Are low in fiber and high in • digestible nutrients • Examples of concentrates: • Corn • Cottonseed • Barley • Oats • Sorghum

17. Supplements • Supplements are extras that supply the body • with additional nutrients. • Some of the supplements are minerals salt, copper, • iodine and iron • Vitamin A and D are also very important to • ruminant animals Salt Iron Copper

19. Feedstuffs Used in Livestock Diets • Objectives: • Understanding of the general nutritional properties of feed groups • Identification of various feeds and their nutrient concentrations • Discussion of milling practices and their effect on feeds • Investigate harvesting and storage options and their effects • Factors regulating feed intake • Many other important aspects of diet formulation

20. Feed Classes • 8 classes grouped by origin and like characteristics • Dry Forages & Roughages • All feeds that are cut and cured • All feeds w/ CF>18% • Usually low in NE • Carbonaceous Roughages • Generally low in protein • Straw • Stalks • Weathered grass • Proteinaceous Roughages • Legume hays • Some grass hays • Legume/grass mixtures • Pasture, Range Plants, & Fresh Fed Forages • Pasture grass • Anything that is not allowed to ferment before feeding

21. Silages • Ensiled forages • Carbonaceous • Corn silage • Grass silage • Proteinaceous • Alfalfa silage • Clover silage • Energy Feeds • <20% CP, <18% CF • May be ensiled • Carbonaceous Concentrates • All cereal grains & sorghums • Byproduct feeds • Bran • Middlings • Cobs • Molasses

22. Protein Supplements • >20% CP • Vegetable Origin • Soybean Meal • Cottonseed Meal • Corn Gluten Meal • Brewer’s Dried Grains • Animal Origin • Animal tissues • Meat & Bone Meal • Blood Meal • Most are banned/restricted from livestock diets • Fish Products • Fish Meal • Milk Products • Whey protein • Feather Meal

23. Mineral Supplements • Calcium Carbonate • Limestone • Others • Vitamin Supplements • Fish Oil • Others • Additives • Propylene Glycol • Titanium Dioxide (coloring agent)

24. International Feed Names • Used to create a “common language” among the feed industry • 6 Facets are included in the naming process • Original Material • Parts of Material used as feed (may be affected by processing) • Bran • Processing and Treatments • Dry-rendered • Hydrolized • Extracted • Stage of Maturity (plants & animals) • Cutting • Grade

25. Characteristics of Concentrate Feedstuffs • Carbonaceous Concentrates • <20% CP, <18% fiber • Generally, high energy feeds • General Nutritive Characteristics • High in energy • Low in fiber • Low in protein • Low protein quality and high variability • Minerals • Low Ca • Med P • Examples • Corn • 80% TDN • 8-9% CP • Med P, low Ca • Recent technologies – high lysine corn, waxy corn, high-oil corn • Alternative feeding forms • Oats • 65-70% TDN • 12% CP • Very palatable, more expensive to feed

26. Dried Beet Pulp • 65-70% TDN • 8-10% CP • Byproduct of sugar beet processing • ~18% CF • Molasses • 55-75% TDN • 3-7% CP (mostly NPN) • Byproduct from same industry as above • Usually fed in what form? • What are the advantages to feeding? • Animal Fat • Byproduct of rendering • Treated w/ antioxidant to prevent rancidity • Why do we feed it? • 5% max in ruminant diets, 10% in nonruminants • Dried Bakery Product • What might this include? • Similar to corn in energy, higher in fat, and salt?

27. Proteinaceous Concentrates • Quality • Kinds, amounts, ratios of amino acids • Essential Amino Acids • Must be supplemented • PVT TIM HALL • Phenylalanine, Valine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Isoleucine, Methionine, Histidine, Arginine, Leucine, Lysine • NPN may be used as a protein source (only in ruminants) • Examples • Urea • 281% CP • Use only in very small amounts • Very effective for feeding rumen bacteria • Soybean Meal • Most commonly used plant protein supplement • 44% or 48% CP available (depends on how much its diluted w/ soyhulls) • 71-80% TDN • Very low in fiber • Very broad amino acid profile

28. Animal/Marine protein supplements • Derived from meat/poultry packing/rendering, or from the marine industry, or surplus milk • Used only to improve the CP of basal feeds and improve amino acid profile • Balances protein sources (plant vs. animal) • Blood Meal • 80+% CP • Highly unpalatable • High rumen undegradable protein for ruminants • Fish Meal • 35-70% CP • Excellent protein quality and good source of B vits • Whey protein • 11% CP, 61% lactose • Used in milk replacers or pig starter diets • Highly palatable, excellent source of protein • Animal Waste • Nutrient content varies • Used primarily in ruminant diets • Usually high in NPN • Has proven to be fairly effective, in certain diets

29. Feed Grain Byproducts • Corn byproducts • Corn Gluten Meal • Dried residue remaining after removal of most of the starch, germ, and bran • 46-60% CP • Corn Gluten Feed • Dried residue remaining after removal of most of the starch, germ, gluten, but contains bran • 20-25% CP • Distiller’s Dried Grains • Byproduct of the alcohol brewing industry • 25-27% CP, 9-11% CF • Distiller’s Wet Grains • Byproduct of ethanol production • Use usually restricted to geographical area close to the distiller • Will ferment if not used quickly

30. Wheat byproducts • Wheat middlings • Fine particles of bran, germ, shorts, tailings • 16-18% CP • More commonly fed in swine diets, unpalatability makes its use limited in ruminants • Soybean Hulls • 12% CP, 78% TDN • Very good for replacing other high fiber feeds, without losing too much fiber • Very palatable