Chapter Three – The English Establish 13 Colonies (1605-1774) Section 1 – The Southern Colonies

1. Chapter Three – The English Establish 13 Colonies (1605-1774)Section 1 – The Southern Colonies • SETTLEMENT IN JAMESTOWN -A group of English merchants received permission from King James I in 1606 to establish a settlement in Virginia. A. Founding a New Colony -These investors started a joint-stock company named the London Company. -In a joint-stock company, people share the risk and expenses together.

2. -105 settlers arrived on the Atlantic Coast of America in April 26, 1607 on three ships named the Susan Constant, Discovery and Godspeed. The Godspeed- 2nd largest of the three ships The Susan Constant-largest of the three ships The Discovery-smallest of the three ships

3. Replicas of the Susan Constant, Discovery and Godspeed at Historic Jamestown today. The Discovery was brought to be able to sail up small rivers once they arrived.

4. -They landed at Cape Henry, current day Hampton Roads area, but it was not a very secure location and they were ordered to find a better location. -They moved 40 miles up the James River in Virginia. -On May 14, 1607 they began Jamestown named after King James I of England. -This became the first permanent English settlement in North America.

6. Fort Henry

7. A painting of the Jamestown Fort.

8. -Most of the colonists were adventurers who came for wealth and power, and were not ready to work. -They lacked the skills of farming, tending animals, carpentry, etc. -By the first winter about 2/3 of the original settlers died with only 32 surviving. -Diseases transferred by mosquitoes from the nearby marshes as well as malnutrition helped lead to these deaths.

9. Photos of the area on Jamestown Island.

10. B. Powhatan Confederacy -John Smith took control of the colony in 1608 and immediately built a fort for protection. -He rewarded people who worked harder which forced people to give a better effort. -He stated that, “he who shall not work, shall not eat.” -A local Native American tribe called the Powhatan Confederacy helped the colonists after Smith made an agreement with them. -They taught the colonists to survive by teaching them how to grow corn and giving them food. -Smith was injured in gunpowder accident and after helping Jamestown survive for 2 ½ years he left in October 1609 for England and never returned.

11. Statute of John Smith in Historic Jamestown was erected in 1909. Smith came to Virginia in shackles aboard ship for attempted mutiny.

12. Interesting Fact: Smith was captured by the Powhatan in December 1607 and was saved by the Chief’s daughter - Pocahontas.

13. This helped lead to the Disney movie, “Pocahontas”, which is very inaccurate in it’s portrayal of the real story. We’ll look at more pictures later.

14. -400 more settlers arrived during 1609. -Disease and famine again hit Jamestown that winter. -This period is called the “Starving Time”. -During 1609 – 1610 more than 80% of the settlers died. -Only 60 colonists were still alive by the spring of 1610. -Jamestown continued to struggle not making a profit until 1614. -A new type of tobacco, from the Caribbean Islands, that sold well in England was introduced by John Rolfe and began to be harvested.

15. C. War in Virginia -Pocahontas, the daughter of the Chief Powhatan married the wealthy and successful, John Rolfe in 1614 bringing more peace to the area. -Pocahontas died three years later while on a public relations trip to England on March 21, 1617. -Her father, Wahunsenacawh or Chief Powhatan died a year later. -His brother, a fierce warrior, Opchanacanough, took over. -Colonists killed a Powhatan leader in 1622 and that led to fighting between the two groups for the next 20 years. -In 1624, the English Crown made Virginia a Royal Colony, because the London Company could not protect the settlers This placed the authority to rule with a governor appointed by the king.

16. Disney’s depiction of Pocahontas Engraving of the real Pocahontas Pocahontas’s real name was Matoaka. Statute of Pocahontas in Historic Jamestown.

17. Actual painting of John Rolfe. Disney’s depiction of John Rolfe. Pocahontas changed her name to Rebecca Rolfe when she married John Rolfe.

18. II. DAILY LIFE IN VIRGINIA -Very few people lived in towns, but spread out on individual farms. -Large farms or plantations grew tobacco which was often used as money. A. Headright System -The London Company began a system known as the Headright System, which gave new colonists who paid their own way to Virginia - 50 acres of land. -If you already resided in Virginia you were granted two headrights. -For each additional person you brought over, you gained 50 more acres of land. -Colonists that brought relatives or servants gained these large amounts of land, which transferred to power.

19. -This kept servants and workers poor while adding wealth to those who could afford to pay to have servants brought over. -This system was an attempt to solve the labor shortage on plantations. B. Labor in Virginia -Most workers in these early years were called … Indentured Servants -An Indentured Servantwas a person from Europe who signed a contract to work for four to seven years in exchange for a journey to the Americas as well as food, clothing and housing. -Nearly, two-thirds of the settlers to the British Colonies came as Indentured Servants.

20. Indentured Servant working on the farm (Above) Indentured Servant Advertisement (Left) Indentured Servant Contract

21. C. Expansion of Slavery -The first group of Africans arrived in this region in 1619 aboard a Dutch ship. -Not all of these early Africans were slaves, but some were actually servants. -In time, there were not enough Indentured Servants to meet the demand of labor, so farmers turned to slave labor. -By the mid-1600s many of the Africans in Virginia would become life-long slaves. D. Bacon’s Rebellion -As the economy grew in the mid 1600s, government officials wanted more taxes.

22. -This angered poorer colonists who felt they could not afford them -Many of these colonists were also upset over the governments policies about Native Americans and that the colonies were not well protected from attack. -A group of former indentured servants led by Nathaniel Bacon attacked a tribe of Native Americans in 1676. -Bacon thought the policies toward trade with Native Americans were wrong and believed that colonists should be able to take Native American land. -Bacon, when opposed by Governor Berkeley (his cousin by marriage), burned Jamestown to the ground . -On October 26th, 1676, Bacon abruptly died of the "Bloodie Flux" and "Lousey Disease" (body lice). -This is known as Bacon’s Rebellion.

23. Sidney King’s painting of Governor Berkeley addressing Nathaniel Bacon and followers daring the governor to shoot them. Pen and ink drawing of Bacon preparing to burn Jamestown to the ground by Rita Honeycut.

24. III. OTHER SOUTHERN COLONIES -Jamestown was not the only colony in the South that was beginning during this time period. -English Catholics were against England separating from the Roman Catholic Church. -The King kept them from worshipping freely. -England’s leaders felt the English Catholics would support the Catholic nations of France and Spain. -Many English Catholics decided to come to America to escape religious persecution and worship freely.

25. A. Maryland -George Calvert (The First Lord Baltimore) asked for a charter during the 1620s to begin a new colony in America for Catholics. -King Charles granted the land charter to George Calvert in 1632, but Calvert died before the charter was signed. -Instead the charter was issued to George’s son Cecilius Calvert (The Second Lord Baltimore). -Maryland was named after King Charles I wife, Queen Henrietta Maria. -200 English Catholics left England in 1634 to establish this new colony.

26. George Calvert, the 1st Baron of Baltimore or Lord Baltimore. Cecilius Calvert, the 2nd Baron of Baltimore or 2nd Lord Baltimore.

27. Queen Henrietta Maria

28. Location of Maryland, the second Southern Colony

29. -Maryland was a proprietary colony. -A proprietary colony meant that the colony’s owners or proprietors were in control. -This group learned from Jamestown’s mistakes and brought along wealthy landowners, servants, craftspeople and farmers. -They grew corn and raised hogs and cattle to have food and soon began growing tobacco as a cash crop. -Even though Maryland began as a Catholic Colony, many Protestants moved there by the 1640s. -This led to problems between the two groups.

30. -The Toleration Act of 1649 was presented by Lord Baltimore to the colonial assembly. -It made it a crime to restrict the religious rights of Christians and became the first law supporting religious tolerance.

31. B. The Carolinas and Georgia -Carolina began as a single colony in 1663 and was started by eight supporters of King Charles II of England. -This land was found between southern Virginia and Spanish Florida. -Due to how far apart the settlements were and differences in governance – they were separated into North and South Carolina in 1691. -North Carolina’s settlers were mostly farmers that had moved there from Virginia. -South Carolina settlers mostly came from Europe. -When a settler from Europe agreed to pay their own way to the colonies, they were given large land grants. -Some of these settlers brought enslaved Africans with them and the slave population grew to more the 20,000 slaves by 1730 compared to only 10,000 whites. -The proprietors of South Carolina did a poor job and were overthrown.

32. North and South Carolina in 1729.

33. -In 1729, the English Crown purchased both North and South Carolina and turned them into Royal Colonies. A Royal Colony had a governor and council appointed by the British crown, and had a representative assembly elected by the people. -James Oglethorpe was granted a charter by King George II of England in 1732 to begin Georgia. -Oglethorpe wanted Georgia set up as a debtors colony. -The King hoped it would provide a buffer between Spanish Florida and the other English colonies. -Savannah was founded in 1733 by Oglethorpe with about 130 colonists, mostly coming from England. -Oglethorpe outlawed slavery and the size of land grants hoping to keep wealthy land owners out and keeps small family farms. -Some settlers didn’t like Oglethorpe’s strict rules and in 1752, Georgia, also became a Royal Colony with new rules. -In a short time, coastal Georgia had thousands of slaves working on rice plantations.

34. Painting of James Oglethorpe, founder of Georgia. Location of Georgia as a colony. Oglethorpe landing in Georgia.

35. 13 Original British Colonies

36. III. ECONOMIES OF THE SOUTHERN COLONIES -Agriculture was the primary aspect in the Southern economy. -Wood and tar for shipbuilding were also exported. -Small farms as well as large plantations did well in the South. -Important cash crops were – Rice, Tobacco and Indigo. -Indigo is a plant used to make blue dye. -Cash crops need a lot of workers to plant, grow and harvest. -By the 1700s, this work force had become mostly enslaved Africans instead of indentured servants. -Slave Codes were passed in many of the Southern Colonies. -These slave codes were laws to control the slaves. -Some were slaves could not own weapons, hold meetings, learn to read or ever be freed.

37. The Rice Plant The Indigo Plant The Tobacco Plant