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The Chesapeake. Virginia Joint-Stock Company
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1. The English Colonies: 3 Models of Colonization I. The Chesapeake: Tobacco and “Un-freedom”
New England: The Family Model
The Caribbean: Plantations and Slavery
Joining the Models Together
2. The Chesapeake Virginia Joint-Stock Company
“Dying Time”
Head right – 50 acres/person
Tobacco: 1st crop in 1611, caught on by 1616.
1638 – Virginia is world’s #1 supplier of tobacco
Get rich and go home mentality
Founding of Maryland
3. The Chesapeake, Labor Indentured Servitude
1676, Bacon’s Rebellion
Race vs. class
Tobacco plantations in tidewater region; small farmers in back country; closely tied to English economy b/c of tobacco, labor.
4. New England The Family Model
Connected to England through politics, religion, culture
Modern Day: Vermont, Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Plymouth (not N.Y. or Penn)
5. Push Factor in Europe: Religion The Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther, 1517: 95 Theses, splits W. Christianity
Splinter groups, allied by belief, regional
All splinter groups referred to as Protestants
6. Salvation: Catholic – social order/control. Salvation through belief and being a good person, as shown by good works. Belief in purgatory.
Protestant criticism – “selling salvation” Easier for right to do good works, be saved. Abuses at local level.
Luther – issue of sin, believed most people sinned most of the time. Idea of no deathbed salvation bothered him
7. Salvation: Catholic – Salvation by works
Protestant –
M. Luther – Salvation by faith, belief will change behavior
Calvin – Salvation by grace (God’s all-powerful nature)
8. The problem of Evil? Catholic – free will
Calvin – free will and God’s all-powerful nature clash. Human choice is a big lie. God is the only one with the power to choose. Takes away good works doctrine. More interested in “the saved” than social control.
9. IF saved, good will flow from it Calvinists and personal introspection
Diaries, journals
Good works FROM salvation
No purgatory, salvation only for “the elect,” most people going to hell.
Church leaders: “the saved,” “the elect”
Never 100% sure if saved
Signs? Very individualized
Church Members: communion only for those who seemed to be saved
10. Political Consequences Henry VIII
Church of England (Anglican)
England becomes a haven for Protestants
Pilgrims – want to separate from Church of England
Puritans – want to reform or “purify” the Church of England
12. Pilgrims (separatists) 1608 – Holland
1620 – Plymouth (separate colony until 1691)
Mayflower, 102 people
Rule by the church
“Male saints” (Fathers)
Ministers couldn’t hold office
13. Early Problems Tried to hold land in common
Couldn’t get people to work, esp. across gender lines
Result: “Dying time”
Completely dependant on local American Indians for first year. (Why would they help?)
English trade goods, low population density (major epidemic 2 yrs prior)
15. Re-organization Organized society based on social distinctions (classes)
Family ownership of property, not distributed equally
Only married male family members got land
Solved production problems
Single men had to live with a family
16. Early New England Family economy
Self-sustaining farming
Little trading and fishing
Minimal integration w/ local or English economies
By 1630 @1,500 people: proved Family model worked, without dependence on American Indians, ties to English economy or plantation crops
Inspired other Puritan migrations, spread throughout New England (plus new round of religious persecution in England)
17. Puritans 1629 – Massachusetts Bay Company
mostly from rising middle class, some “gentlemen” farmers, some Puritans, more merchants (leads to early transition to manufacturing/craftsmen)
1630 – 700 people on 11 ships arrive in Mass. Bay, just as civil war erupts in England.
1649-1660: Parliament ruled England, no monarchy
1660 – Monarchy invited back, religious tolerance declared, ending great wave of Puritan migration.
18. New England and Puritan Rule By 1642, 20,000 people moved from England to New England.
Concept of “A City on A Hill”
19. Puritan New England Self-supporting until @ 1660, then start exporting grain
No “Dying time”
Emphasis on family/early marriage=natural population increase
New England 1600-1700: from 30,000 to 91, 000
Virginia 1600-1700: from 120,000 to 85,000
20. New England and American Indians No real place in New England society, No great efforts at conversion, “Praying” Indians
King Phillip’s War (Metacom), Wampanoag leader. Pan-Indian movement.
Trade issues, discrimination, land hunger, pressure to convert, sale of alcohol, pressure to submit to colonial gov’ts.
5,000 American Indians killed (@40% of pop)
2,500 English killed (@5% of pop)
Praying Indians put on Deer Island
New assertions of identity based on racial lines
Captives absorbed into households as servants/slaves, sold off, or absorbed into society as INDIVIDUALS b/c of skills. No community, seen as “just in the way.”
21. The Caribbean Will EVENTUALLY become the most profitable English colonies, resulting in a stark hierarchy.
1686 London imported 674,000lbs sterling worth of goods from the Caribbean, and only 207,000lbs sterling from all the rest of its colonies.
Central to building an international Atlantic Economy
The English are “late to the game”
22. 1627-Barbados
1628-Nevis
1632-Montserrat and Antigua
1654- St. Christopher
23. Barbados as example 1620s/30s – economy based on pig killing
Series of very small plantations, worked by owners w/white servants
Experiments with tobacco, livestock, subsistence farming. Tried sugar but didn’t have the technical knowledge.
Labor: Indentured servants. Tobacco market glutted by 1630s, servitude gets harsher, rebellion in 1647, brutally put down
24. Sugar 1640s – move toward sugar. Expensive to start up: equipment, precision timing, strenuous/dangerous, technical knowledge.
Cut down all the trees for barrels
25. Sugar and Barbados Short window of opportunity
1st generation did well, by selling out as land got more expensive
Increase in plantation size=society becomes more stratified.
By 1680, 175 major sugar plantations
Total sugar economy
26. Sugar and Barbados 175 plantation owners=wealthiest people in whole English Atlantic.
Lavish lifestyle, luxury imports, families in England, some absentee owners.
Contrast: Poor whites.
2/3rd of white population were “white slaves”
Very poor, common-law marriages w/African women.
Labor strife leads to movement toward slavery as sole means of labor.
27. Sugar and Slavery Slaves imported in large number=dense population.
By 1660, 53,000 people on 166 sq. miles (@200 people/sq.mile)
By 1700, population doubled, (@400 people/sq. mile)
28. Sugar and Slavery Slavery increased as the cost of slaves fell.
1635 – young male=34lbs sterling
After 1645, falls to 20lbs sterling.
Further encourages slavery.
1664 – 800 slaves in Barbados
1670 – 27,000 slaves & 26,000 whites
Very oppressive slave regime (b/c whites are outnumbered)
Island not good for revolts, no where to run.
29. Slavery and Sugar Very high death rate.
1640-1700, 130,000 Africans imported, by only 50,000 survived.
Very low quality of life.
High infant mortality rate, pop. can’t reproduce itself.
Work schedule: 6 day work week, Market days on Sundays. 11 hour days.
30. Slavery 1661 – first slave codes.
Chattel Slavery – slaves defined as property. Included avenues for slaves to buy their way out. Any punishment by masters is okay, including the horrific.
Restricted movement, no weapons, no drums, no missionaries.
1622 –slavery follows status of mother.
1672 Royal Africa Company
1698 RAC loses monopoly. Competition=lower prices
31. Barbados and New England Total devotion to sugar.
Had to import food, lumber, supplies, basically anything besides sugar.
Leads to internationalization of the economy
Supplies from New England.
By 1700, Boston had 15 shipyards, young men becoming sailors.
32. Triangle Trade Network
33. Triangle Trade Develops New England being tied into larger economy
Transition from family based to international economy
Disrupts “City on a Hill” ideal
Rum produced in New England, Rhode Island.
Massive increase in government sponsored slave trade.
Est. 1 million Africans by 1770.
34. Growth of International Economy Fuels growth of more colonies
Barbados (sort of) has its own colony
The Carolinas: By 1670s all the land in Barbados was in sugar.
1st son gets land, other sons get $ and slaves.
Move to Carolinas, produce for Barbados economy.
35. The Carolinas Initial period – free range cattle
Relied on Africans from Sahel region, first “cowboys”
1695 – rice from Africa.
1700 – major plantation crop, export 400,000 lbs.
1740 – export 43 million pounds.
Second wealthiest planter elite, very labor intensive.
1739 – Stono Rebellion in Carolinas.
36. Africa Local affiliations
No concept of “being African” yet
Initially controlled trade w/Europe
Strong economy, produced for export
Quality goods.
Private property=wealth through slaves (labor)
Strong governments, state-level, sophisticated, organized labor, massive public works.
Excellent military
Europe cannot force its way in
Disease much less of a factor
37. Africa Wealth through slaves reflected African economy/culture.
System was already in place when Europeans arrived.
Africans only sold surplus people.
Slave economy misunderstood by Europeans
Those traded understood the system.
38. Slavery Changes in Americas Slaves viewed as African.
Language issues & buying strategies
Development of new identities:
-National, Creole, & Pan-African identities
Importation keeps African culture alive
Leadership comes from new exports: warriors and elites conquered in battle.
W. Africa: 4 main culture groups, w/ 7 sub-groups
Still lots of differences.
40. Africa Competition
Destabilization
“Playing Sides”
The Imbangala
Legacy of the Slave Trade
European view
41. Joining the Models Together: Creating The Atlantic World Increasing economy in Atlantic = increase in political/cultural ties to Europe.
Golden Age of Piracy/lawlessness over.
1670s - @500 trans-Atlantic crossings.
1730s - @1,500.
Shipping is cheaper, faster, more cargo, more passengers.
42. The Atlantic World Raw materials from the colonies increases English manufacturing.
English staying in England-jobs.
Immigration from other countries.
“Back country” areas begin filling up, development of more marginal/peripheral areas.
43. Increasing Connections Colonies more connected w/one another, more aware of events in Europe.
Newspaper publishing in colonies & Europe
Regular Mail system
Emotional tie to England
Other colonies (ports) start publishing newspapers.
Coffee houses in ports/London, tied to colonies.
Leads to one intellectual community, later spread of revolutionary ideas.
44. Forming the Atlantic World Trade becomes more complex
Trade volume increases
More markets for grain
Cost of shipping decreases
England wants more grain-producing colonies
45. The Middle Colonies Pennsylvania
New Jersey
Delaware
New York (New Amsterdam)
Replace New England in grain export
46. England starts paying attention Trade volume increases
Cultural connections increase
Amount of $ at stake increases
Colonies become more important to England
Colonial GDP in 1700=4% of England’s GDP
Colonial GDP in 1770=40% of England’s GDP
47. Beginning of the End England more serious about governing colonies
Increase in bureaucracy
End to corruption
Salaries rise
Attempt to increase authority of English gov’t in colonies