Unit Two

1. Unit Two Unit Two

2. Teaching Objectives • Enlarge vocabulary. • Talk about environmental problems and environmental protections throughout the world. • Learn to find out word meanings from clues provided by context. • Learn to write based on topic sentences.

3. Section A Environmental Protection Throughout the World Section B Green Spaces in Cities Section C Earth — A Living Planet Sections

4. Section A Environmental Protection Throughout the World

5. Table of Contents • Background Information • Warming-up Activities • Text Analysis • Vocabulary and Structure • Vocabulary Test • Writing

6. Background Information (１) The Amazon The Amazon rainforest is one of the world’s greatest conservation challenges. This vast equatorial ecosystem is home to one fifth of the planet’s plant and animal species, more than 200 indigenous cultures, and 30 million people in search of sustenance and wealth. Carbon stocks

7. Background Information ( 2 ) equivalent to more than a decade of global fossil fuel emissions are stored in the wood of its trees. Even changes in the forest’s metabolism could undo the modest gains of the Kyoto Protocol in slowing global warming. The forest also releases enough water to the atmosphere via evapotranspiration and to the ocean via river outflow to influence world climate and ocean circulation systems; and in doing so it also sustains the regional climate on which it depends.

8. Background Information(３) Grand Banks The Grand Banks are one of the world's largest and richest resource areas, renowned for both its valuable fish stocks and petroleum reserves. Situated off the southeast coast of the Island, the Grand Banks are actually a series of raised submarine plateaus with a water depth ranging between 36.5 and 185 metres. The relative shallowness of the water allows extensive marine animal and plant life to flourish on the

9. Background Information（４） bottom. As well, the warm waters of the Gulf Stream pass over the southern portion of the Banks in winter but cover almost all of the Grand Banks in summer. • The most prolific fish species on the Grand Banks has traditionally been cod but there are also flounder, haddock, ocean perch and hundreds of other species. Portuguese and Basques fishermen fished the Grand Banks as early as the 1400s but it was not until after John Cabot's voyage to the New World in 1497 that knowledge of the Banks and their valuable fishing resources.

10. Background Information (５) spread throughout Europe. The Banks have been continuously fished since that time by fleets from England, France, Spain, Portugal and later Newfoundland, Canada and the United States.

11. Warming-up Activities（１） • What are the major environmental problems in your hometown?

12. Warming-up Activities（２） • Why do the animals in the picture claim to be SARS patients or bear virus in their bodies? • What comes to your mind on seeing the picture?

13. Warming-up Activities（３） • Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F) according to the text. • 1. The great majority of nations concern themselves with both economic development and the global ecology. • 2. Measures taken by Canada benefit its fishing resources as well as Canadian fishermen. • 3. Costa Rica has issued a series of new environmental laws and created nature preserves to protect its remaining forests. • 4. The writer thinks highly of commitment made by Brazilian government to protect Amazon Indians. • 5. Eastern Europe is considered the most polluted of all the industrialized areas because much of the area’s waters have been contaminated seriously. F F T F T

14. Text Analysis (1) Central topic: Environmental situation and the corresponding measures taken throughout the world.

15. By introducing the evil consequences of the world’s indifference to environment, the author leads the reader naturally to the main point of the whole passage: Signs of change have sprung up in various pockets around the world. Text Analysis (2) To illustrate the signs of change in some parts of the world, the author cites six typical examples of countries: Canada, Costa Rica, Brazil, Eastern Europe, Ghana, and Indonesia. The examples are effectively employed by following the problem- solution pattern. Main point of the whole passage (Para. 1) Illustrations of the main point through exemplification (Paras. 2-14)

16. Vocabulary and Structure

17. undertake undertake v. 承担，着手做；同意，答应，保证 构词法：under + v. e.g. undergo underline underlie undermine underestimate understate 搭配：undertake a task or a job 着手做某事 undertake to do sth. 答应、同意做某事 例句：The fifty-story building is one of the most challenging engineering projects they have ever undertaken. 这栋五十层的楼房是他们承担过的最富有挑战性的工程之一。 He undertook to pay the money back within six months. 他答应在六个月内还钱。

18. initiative (1) initiative n. 主动性，首创精神；主动的行动，倡议；主动权扩展： initial adj. 最初的，开始的 n. 首字母；initiate vt. 开始，创始，发起 搭配：take the initiative 采取主动行动 例句：Because of a stupid mistake, we lost the initiative in the negotiations; the other side has the initiative now. 因为一个愚蠢的错误，我们在谈判中失去了主动权。另一方现在获得了主动权。

19. initiative (2) We are the only power willing to take the initiative in the long struggle to end the war. 我们是在为结束战争的长期斗争中唯一愿意采取主动的力量。 Employees who are able to sort out problems on their own initiative are more likely to get promoted. 那些能够主动理顺问题的雇员更可能获得提升。

20. abundant • abundant adj. 大量的，充足的；丰富的，富裕的 • 扩展：abundance n. • 搭配：be abundant in丰富的，富裕的 • in abundance 充足，丰富 • 例句：There are abundant supplies of firewood in mountain areas, which is obviously not true of city areas. • 山区有大量的柴火，而城区显然没有。 • Thanks to the development of hi-tech, fruits of diverse types are in abundance throughout the year. 由于高科技的发展，各种水果一年四季都供应充足。 • Our country is well-known for being abundant in numerous natural resources. • 我们的国家以物产资源丰富而著称。

21. species species n. 种，类 例句： Some species of animals have become extinct because they could not adapt to a changing environment. 因为不能适应变化的环境，有些物种已经灭绝。 Human beings are the greatest of all species in that they have infinite ingenuity. 人类是所有物种中最伟大的，因为他们有无穷的创造力。

22. ambitious (1) ambitious adj. 有抱负的，雄心勃勃的；有野心的 扩展：ambition n. 例句：He was so ambitious, so determined to do it all that he seized on every possible opportunity to demonstrate his abilities. 他雄心勃勃，意志坚定，抓住一切可能的机会来展示自己的能力。

23. ambitious (2) His plans are ambitious: he wants to master French, German and Spanish before he is twenty. 他有一个雄心勃勃的计划，想在二十岁之前掌握法语，德语和西班牙语。 His ambition is to sail round the world alone on his self-made yacht. 他的抱负是乘自制的游艇周游世界。

24. diverse diverse adj. 不同的，相异的；多种多样的扩展：diversity n.; diversify v. 例句：Society now is far more diverse than ever before. And we are living a far more colorful life than ever before. 当今社会远不同于以往任何时候，我们过着更为丰富多彩的生活。 The program deals with subjects as diverse as pop music and ancient Greek drama. 这个节目涉及从流行音乐到古代希腊戏剧形形色色的题材。

25. extensive (1) extensive adj. (指面积)广大的，广阔的； 广泛的，多方面的；大规模的，大量的 扩展：extend v.; extent n.; extensively adv. 反义词：intensive 例句：Those foreigners enjoy making extensive friendly contacts with the Chinese people. 那些外国人喜欢和中国人进行广泛的友好接触。

26. extensive (2) The story received extensive coverage in the newspapers. 这个故事在报纸上进行了大量的报道。 It is quite necessary for a qualified teacher to have good manners and extensive knowledge. 对一个合格教师来说，有良好的举止和渊博的知识是非常必要的。

27. reverse • reverse vt. 撤销，推翻；使位置颠倒，使互换位置；使反向，使倒转 vi. 反向，倒转 n. 相反情况，对立面；反面，背面 adj. 相反的，反向的，倒转的 • 搭配：be in reverse （车）倒档 • reverse a car 倒车 • 例句：The current moral decline will not be reversed until people find ways to counter the materialism in society. 只有人们找到办法反对社会上的物质主义，现有的道德下滑趋势才能得到扭转。 • They have made it clear that they will not reverse the decision to increase prices. • 他们已澄清一点：不会改变决定来提高价格。

28. finance (1) finance vt. 为提供资金，为筹措资金 n. 财政，金融；资金，财务情况扩展：financial adj. 例句：The repairs to the school will be financed by the education department. 教育部门将出资对学校进行修缮。

29. finance (2) Different students may have different ways to finance their college education. Some students may apply for government loans; some will take some part-time jobs. However, the majority of students will have to depend on their parents to get the money for their education. 不同学生的大学教育有不同的资金来源。有些学生向政府申请贷款，有些学生从事兼职工作。不过，大多数学生的教育是靠父母资助的。

30. conflict (1) conflict n. 斗争，战斗；矛盾，冲突，分歧 v. 斗争，冲突，抵触搭配：be in conflict with 和…冲突 conflicts among /between 关于…的冲突 to conflict with 和…有抵触（相冲突） 例句：It is not surprising that there are conflicts between religion and science. 宗教和科学之间存在冲突，这不足为奇。

31. conflict (2) There appeared to be a war between his heart and his head, and you could almost watch this conflict going on. 他的心灵和大脑之间似乎在斗争，你能看到这种冲突正在进行。 There is a growing conflict of interest between her position as a politician and her business activities. 　她的从政者的身份与她的经商活动之间有着日趋增大的公私利益冲突。

32. strengthen strengthen v. 加强，巩固扩展：strong adj.; strength n. ; promote, reinforce, consolidate, enhance 例句：Their opposition only strengthened her resolve. 他们的反对只是坚定了她的决心。 Any experience can teach and strengthen you, but particularly the more difficult ones. 任何经历都能够教育你，使你坚强，特别是较为艰难的经历。

33. shelter (1) shelter vt. 掩蔽，庇护 vi. 躲避 n. 掩蔽所，躲避处；掩蔽，保护 搭配：take shelter from/against 躲避 seek shelter 寻求庇护 provide shelter 提供庇护、躲避处 a shelter for sb. 为某人提供的掩蔽所 shelter in a place 在某地点躲避 be sheltered by 被…庇护 shelter sb. 保护某人

34. shelter (2) 例句：Due to frequent regional conflicts and wars, the number of refugees seeking shelter has always been on the rise/increase in that region. 因为频繁的地区冲突和战争，那个地区寻求庇护的难民人数呈上升趋势。 These plants must be sheltered from direct sunlight. 那些植物要避免阳光直射。

35. induce induce vt.引诱，劝导，促使; 引起，导致扩展：同根词 deduce introduce produce reduce seduce 搭配：induce sb. to do sth.劝诱某人做 例句：Nothing could induce me to do illegal things.任何东西都不能诱使我做非法的事情。 On the basis of the information about the patient’s job, the doctor arrived at a conclusion that his illness was induced by overwork. 根据病人工作状况的信息，医生得出结论；他的疾病是由于工作过度造成的。

36. convert convert vt. （使）转变，（使）转化；（使）改变信仰（或态度等） 扩展：conversion n. 搭配：convert sb./sth. into/to 把某物转变成为；使某人改变信仰 例句：Water is converted into steam if it is boiled.水如果沸腾就会变成蒸汽。 My daughter converted me to pop music. 是我女儿让我喜欢上了流行音乐。

37. target target n. 目标，对象，靶子 vt. 瞄准例句：Unfortunately, there are still some students who become school leavers because they fail to reach their target grades. 不幸的是，还有些学生因为达不到目标分数而无法升学。 This plan will be the target of a great deal of criticism.这项计划会招来很多批评。

38. concern with concern with 忙于，从事，关心I don’t concern myself with politics. That is to say, I have no interest in it. 我不关心政治。也就是说，我对政治没有兴趣。 You would do better to concern yourself with your own business and not with mine.你最好只管自己的事情，别管我的。

39. regardless of regardless of不管，不顾 Everyone has the right to live where he wants to, regardless of the color of his skin. 不管肤色如何，人人都有权利选择自己的居住地。 Who will learn a language regardless of method, materials, or teacher? 没有方法、教材或老师，谁能学会一门语言？

40. take measures to do take measures to do采取措施，采取办法The government should take effective measures to fight against fake commodities and inferior goods. 政府应采取有效措施打击假冒伪劣产品。 Strict measures must be taken to prevent fires during the Spring Festival. 春节期间必须采取严厉的防火措施。

41. as a result of as a result of 作为…结果He was involved in a serious car accident as a result of drunk driving. 因为酒后驾驶，他卷入到一场严重的车祸中。 They feel that such a new civilization will come largely as a result of the struggle now being led by the working class. 他们感到作为工人阶级正在领导的斗争的结果，这样一种新的文明将会到来。

42. lead to • lead to导致 • Too much work and too little rest often leads to illness. • 工作过多休息过少会引起疾病。 • In my opinion, such a mistake would perhaps lead to disastrous consequences. • 在我看来，这样的错误会导致灾难性的后果。

43. Vocabulary Test (1) Choose the best answer from the four choices to fill in each of the following blanks. 1. The local business ___ the work, but went bankrupt before they finished. A. undertook B. promised C. underlined D. agreed 2. Why don’t you ___ the order so that I play first and she plays second? A. alter B. reverse C. interpret D. retreat 3. Mary has a great ___of interest: she likes sports, travel, photography, and making radio sets. A. division B. diversion C. diversity D. distinction A B C

44. Vocabulary Test (2) 4. The original Darwinian ideas have expanded since his time, and there is still debate about the pace at which ____ evolve. A. species B. class C. kind D. status 5. A good doctor should always __ himself __ your health. A. engage in B. involve in C. concern with D. refer to 6. My brother’s plans are very ___; he wants to master English, French and Spanish before he is sixteen. A. abundant B. ambitious C. arbitrary D. aggressive A C B

45. Vocabulary Test (3) 7. In order to show his boss what a careful worker he was, he took ___ trouble over the figures, A. extensive B. spare C. extra D. supreme 8. Extensive reporting on television has helped to ___ interest in a wide variety of sports and activities. A. gather B. generate C. assemble D. yield 9. Mobile telecommunication ___ is expected to double in Shanghai this year as a result of a contract signed between the two companies. A. potential B. possession C. impact D. capacity C B D

46. Vocabulary Test (4) • ___ use of alcohol may lead to distortion of thinking and abnormal illusions. A. Successive B. Excessive C. Progressive D. impressive B

47. Vocabulary Test (5) • Fill in the blanks with the phrases given below. Change the form where necessary. • regardless of aim at set up • spring up in response to concern with • frown on agree to cut down lead to • 1. He was suggested to ___________on smoking in order to relieve his respiratory problem. • 2. Many tall buildings have been ________ in the past ten years. • 3. The goal is to make higher education available to everyone who is willing and capable ___________his financial situation. cut down set up regardless of

48. Vocabulary Test (6) • regardless of aim at set up • spring up in response to concern with • frown on agree to cut down lead to • 4. The students nowadays _________________ the problems of education and employment. • 5. In order to survive in the fierce competition, factories must _________ increased production and high quality. 6. He thought that such a mistake would perhaps _____________ a great disaster. 7. A large part of human activity, particularly in relation to the environment , is _____________ conditions or events. 8. If you are right, we will surely ____________ your proposal. are concerned with aim at lead to in response to agree to

49. Vocabulary Test (7) regardless of aim at set up spring up in response to concern with frown on agree to cut down lead to 9. In recent years, an increasing number of organizations that are intended to protect the rights and benefits of consumers _______________. 10. Smoking in public places is __________ nowadays. have sprung up frowned on

50. Writing (1) Writing based on topic sentences Many paragraphs are built around a topic sentence. It states briefly an idea that’s more fully developed in a paragraph. A topic sentence often appears at the beginning of an English paragraph. This paragraph pattern reminds a writer what is the topic and helps to protect random ideas from entering his paragraph. Beginning a paragraph with a topic sentence is a commonly used way for students to write short essays in an English class. Usually students