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What makes a Eukaryote a Eukaryote?

What makes a Eukaryote a Eukaryote?. thought to have developed as in pocketing of cell membrane-why? therefore need to be flexible-so? internal cytoskeleton for: structure internal movement nuclear envelope digestive vessicles. Types of Movement.

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What makes a Eukaryote a Eukaryote?

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  1. What makes a Eukaryote a Eukaryote? thought to have developed as in pocketing of cell membrane-why? therefore need to be flexible-so? internal cytoskeleton for: structure internal movement nuclear envelope digestive vessicles

  2. Types of Movement • Flagella: long, whip-like, usually one or two (not more); majority use to pull themselves • Cilia: short, many, same structure as flagella, just shorter, more precise • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QGAm6hMysTA&NR=1 • Pseudopods and cytoplasmic streaming • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7pR7TNzJ_pA • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ICqcZ99qGk • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cukdrqO8XFE&feature=related

  3. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iG6Dd3COug4

  4. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l9ymaSzcsdY&NR=1&feature=fvwp

  5. Chromalveolates • A. Alveolates-sacs (alveoli) underneath membrane • Dinoflagellates-unicellular, marine, 2 flagella; all trophic styles • Apicomplexans-parasites with elaborate lifestyles; usu. multi hosts • Ciliates-macro & micronuclei; cilia-very precise (Paramecium-p. 598)

  6. 1. ChromalveolatesA. Alveolates-sacs (alveoli) underneath membrane 1. Dinoflagellates-unicellular, marine, 2 flagella; all trophic styles (red tides) http://www.thinkatheist.com/forum/topics/fantastic-creatures-with?groupUrl=science&commentId=1982180%3AComment%3A196608&groupId=1982180%3AGroup%3A815

  7. 1. ChromalveolatesA. Alveolates-sacs (alveoli) underneath membrane 2. Apicomplexans-parasites with elaborate lifestyles; usu. multi hosts (malaria) http://creationwiki.org/pool/images/thumb/f/f1/Malaria.jpg/250px-Malaria.jpg

  8. 1. ChromalveolatesA. Alveolates-sacs (alveoli) underneath membrane 3. Ciliates-macro & micronuclei; cilia-very precise (Paramecium) Those placed towards the top left are typically found in the open water of lakes; those close to the centre at the base are all anaerobic. The remainder are generally found in sediments and detritus, and attached to submerged surfaces (e.g. aquatic animals and plants). All are drawn to scale (see scale bar showing 1 millimetre at the right hand side).  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fmwN_mD7TvY http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=saLYHUs6cWk&feature=related

  9. Chromalveolates • B. Stramenophiles • Diatoms-2 flagella, 1 w/hairs, 1 w/o; silica pillboxes; photosynthetic; fresh, marine, terrestrial (p. 599) • Brown alge-multicellular; most marine; fucoxanthin = accessory pigment (still have chlorophyll a & c); organ & tissue differentiation • Oomycetes-non-photosynthetic; absorptive heterotrophs; water molds & powdery mildew (p. 601)

  10. 1. ChromalveolatesB. Stramenophiles 1. Diatoms-2 flagella, 1 w/hairs, 1 w/o; silica pillboxes; photosynthetic; fresh, marine, terrestrial http://chsweb.lr.k12.nj.us/mstanley/outlines/protista/protis3.jpg

  11. 1. ChromalveolatesB. Stramenophiles 2. Brown alge-multicellular; most marine; fucoxanthin = accessory pigment (still have chlorophyll a & c); organ & tissue differentiation http://burtonbiology.com/chile/lisapics/mypics/P1010013.JPG

  12. 1. ChromalveolatesB. Stramenophiles 3. Oomycetes-non-photosynthetic; absorptive heterotrophs; water molds & powdery mildew http://www.infonet-biovision.org/res/res/files/1859.280x185.clip.jpeg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Water_mold.JPG/200px-Water_mold.JPG

  13. 2. Plantae • Glaucophytes-peptidoglycan layer b/w 2 chloroplast membranes • Red alge-multicellular; phycoerythrin = accessory pigment (also have chlorophyll a)-depends on depth for color; agar (p. 602) • Chlorophytes-green alge-chlorophyll a & b-like plants; most aquatic; mostly fresh; colonial forms-spherical & filamentous (p. 603)

  14. 2. PlantaeA. Glaucophytes-peptidoglycan layer b/w 2 chloroplast memebranes http://www.palaeos.org/images/9/9a/Glaucocystis.jpg

  15. 2. PlantaeB. Red alge-multicellular; phycoerythrin = accessory pigment (also have chlorophyll a)-depends on depth for color; agar http://disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/oceancolor/additional/science-focus/locus/images/red_tide_genera.v3.jpg

  16. 2. PlantaeC. Chlorophytes-green alge-chlorophyll a & b-like plants; most aquatic; mostly fresh; colonial forms-spherical & filamentous http://www.bhikku.net/archives/03/img/volvox.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Spirogyra.JPG http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o39D-zxiSmE&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R0Y7k4gOYko http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cor_ek7foVM&feature=related

  17. 3. Excavates-diverse!! • Diplomonads-2 nuclei; no mitochondria; Giardia-diarrhea (p. 603) • Parabasalids-no mitochondria; Trichomonas-STD (p. 603) • Heteroloboseans-amoeba & flagella stages • Euglenids-flagella; repro asexually-binary fission; photo/autotrophic-depending on conditions; 3 membrane chloroplast • Kinetoplastids-flagella; parasites

  18. 3. Excavates-diverse!!A. Diplomonads-2 nuclei; no mitochondria; Giardia-diarrhea http://content3.eol.org/content/2008/12/10/21/78382_large.jpg

  19. 3. Excavates-diverse!!B. Parabasalids-no mitochondria; anaerobic; Trichomonas-STD; symbiotic relationship with termites: allow them to digest cellulose (in turn have symbiotic bacteria!) http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/images/1/11/Trichomonas_LifeCycle.gif

  20. http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_FeaU01D-3wI/Sw5GMB47rTI/AAAAAAAABCg/fIIIiVsj8go/s400/Naegleria%2Blife%2Bcycle&imgrefurl=http://skepticwonder.blogspot.com/2009/11/heterolobosea-ii-change-of-heart-amoebo.html&usg=__NTV4AFrnRGLS-_I389UEfVD3d3o=&h=398&w=400&sz=27&hl=en&start=14&itbs=1&tbnid=0GfCXxR30aPW7M:&tbnh=123&tbnw=124&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dheteroloboseans%26hl%3Den%26tbs%3Disch:1http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_FeaU01D-3wI/Sw5GMB47rTI/AAAAAAAABCg/fIIIiVsj8go/s400/Naegleria%2Blife%2Bcycle&imgrefurl=http://skepticwonder.blogspot.com/2009/11/heterolobosea-ii-change-of-heart-amoebo.html&usg=__NTV4AFrnRGLS-_I389UEfVD3d3o=&h=398&w=400&sz=27&hl=en&start=14&itbs=1&tbnid=0GfCXxR30aPW7M:&tbnh=123&tbnw=124&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dheteroloboseans%26hl%3Den%26tbs%3Disch:1 3. Excavates-diverse!!C. Heteroloboseans-amoeba & flagella stages (some have both, some have only one stage, some have two different types of flagellated stages, some do encystment) http://tolweb.org/Heterolobosea/96360

  21. 3. Excavates-diverse!!D. Euglenids-flagella; repro asexually-binary fission; photo/autotrophic-depending on conditions; 3 membrane chloroplast http://www.infovisual.info/02/001_en.html http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hiZ85y0g3UI

  22. 3. Excavates-diverse!!E. Kinetoplastids-flagella; parasites (Trypanosoma-sleeping sickness) http://www.k-state.edu/parasitology/625tutorials/FIGcruzi01.jpg

  23. Groups • 4. Rhizaria-unicellular; needle-like pseudopods • Cercozoans-very diverse: amoeboid, flagella; aquatic, terrestrial • Foraminiferans-Calcium carbonate shells (p. 587) • Radiolarians-silica shells; marine (p. 605)

  24. 4. Rhizaria-unicellular; needle-like pseudopodsA. Cercozoans-very diverse: amoeboid, flagella; aquatic, terrestrial (a lot of argument here; one group has chloroplasts: bound by 4 membranes and contains a vestigial nucleus) http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_FeaU01D-3wI/Sn_dZSj5PjI/AAAAAAAAAgE/Zkn54RPAGEY/s400/Ebriid+Hoppenrath+Leander+2006+Protist.jpg

  25. 4. Rhizaria-unicellular; needle-like pseudopods2. Foraminiferans-Calcium carbonate shells, mostly marine http://images.nbii.gov/RFemmer/D_med-res/Foraminiferans-10-species-2.jpg

  26. 4. Rhizaria-unicellular; needle-like pseudopodsC. Radiolarians-silica shells; marine http://images.nbii.gov/RFemmer/D_med-res/Radiolarians-10-species-2.jpg

  27. 5. Unikonts • Amoebozoans • Loboseans-unicellular: predator, parasite, scavengers • Plasmodial slime mold-multinucleate; vegetative phase = feeding stage-move by cytoplasmic streaming; unfavorable conditions form fruiting body-spore bearing • Cellular slime mold-individual cells with in body

  28. 5. UnikontsA. Amoebozoans 1. Loboseans-unicellular: predator, parasite, scavengers http://tolweb.org/tree/ToLimages/3212957287_129489fca2_o.150a.jpg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PsYpngBG394&feature=response_watch http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gKNzzxuz6uk http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W6rnhiMxtKU

  29. 5. UnikontsA. Amoebozoans 2. Plasmodial slime mold-multinucleate; vegetative phase = feeding stage-move by cytoplasmic streaming; unfavorable conditions form fruiting body-spore bearing http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://gallery.photo.net/photo/8415236-md.jpg&imgrefurl=http://photo.net/photodb/photo%3Fphoto_id%3D8415236&usg=__aoJe0Gw_ClyKLcVFu_PbQZkDeig=&h=453&w=680&sz=154&hl=en&start=6&itbs=1&tbnid=np8wEHUz7wA1vM:&tbnh=93&tbnw=139&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dplasmodial%2Bslime%2Bmold%26hl%3Den%26tbs%3Disch:1

  30. 5. UnikontsA. Amoebozoans 3. Cellular slime mold-individual cells within body http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/5/5d/Dog_vomit_slime_mold.jpg/180px-Dog_vomit_slime_mold.jpg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bkVhLJLG7ug http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GScyw3ammmk&feature=related (first 30 sec)

  31. Groups • 5. Unikonts • B. Opisthokonts • Choanoflagellates-flagella posterior (all others anterior) • Animals • Fungi

  32. 5. UnikontsB. Opisthokonts 1. Choanoflagellates-flagella posterior (all others anterior) very similar to sponges http://monado.files.wordpress.com/2008/03/choanoflagellate.jpg

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