The Discovery and Organization of Cells in Cell Biology

1. Section 1 The History of Cell Biology Chapter 4 Objectives • Namethe scientists who first observed living and nonliving cells. • Summarizethe research that led to the development of the cell theory. • Statethe three principles of the cell theory. • Explainwhy the cell is considered to be the basic unit of life.

2. Section 1 The History of Cell Biology Chapter 4 The Discovery of Cells • All living things are made up • A cell is the

3. Section 1 The History of Cell Biology Chapter 4 The Discovery of Cells, continued • Hooke • Robert Hooke discovered • Leeuwenhoek • Anton van Leeuwenhoek was

4. Section 1 The History of Cell Biology Chapter 4 The Cell Theory • The cell theory states that

5. Section 1 The History of Cell Biology Chapter 4 The Cell Theory, continued • Cellular Basis of Life • All living things are made of

6. Section 2 Introduction to Cells Chapter 4 Objectives • Explain the relationship between cell shape and cell function. • Identify the factor that limits cell size. • Describethe three basic parts of a cell. • Compareprokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. • Analyzethe relationship among cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms.

7. Section 2 Introduction to Cells Chapter 4 Cell Diversity • Cell Shape • A cell’s shape reflects its function.

8. Section 2 Introduction to Cells Chapter 4 Cell Diversity, Continued • Cell Size • Cell size is limited by a cell’s surface area–to-volume ratio.

9. Section 2 Introduction to Cells Chapter 4 Basic Parts of a Cell • The three basic parts of a cell are

10. Section 2 Introduction to Cells Chapter 4 Basic Parts of a Cell, continued • Plasma Membrane • The cell’s outer boundary, called the

11. Section 2 Introduction to Cells Chapter 4 Basic Parts of a Cell, continued • Cytoplasm • The region of the cell that is

12. Section 2 Introduction to Cells Chapter 4 Basic Parts of a Cell, continued • Nucleus • The nucleus is a

13. Section 2 Introduction to Cells Chapter 4 Two Basic Types of Cells • Prokaryotes • Prokaryote cellslack a

14. Section 2 Introduction to Cells Chapter 4 Two Basic Types of Cells, continued • Eukaryotes • Eukaryote cells have

15. Section 2 Introduction to Cells Chapter 4 Cellular Organization • In multicellular eukaryotes,

16. Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features Chapter 4 Objectives • Describethe structure and function of a cell’s plasma membrane. • Summarize the role of the nucleus. • Listthe major organelles found in the cytosol, and describe their roles. • Identifythe characteristics of mitochondria. • Describe the structure and function of the cytoskeleton.

17. Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features Chapter 4 Plasma Membrane • Membrane Lipids • Cell membranes consist of

18. Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features Chapter 3 Structure of Lipid Bilayer

19. Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features Chapter 4 Plasma Membrane, continued • Membrane Proteins • Cell membranes often

20. Plasma Membrane, continued • Cell surface markers – • Receptor proteins and Transport proteins – Extend across the membrane. • Peripheral proteins – • Some proteins exposed at the surface act as cell surface markers for viruses and other cells to recognize.

21. Plasma Membrane, continued - Integral proteins play important roles in

22. Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features Chapter 4 Plasma Membrane, continued • Fluid Mosaic Model • Thefluid mosaic modelstates that

23. Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features Chapter 4 Nucleus • The nucleusdirects

24. Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features Chapter 4 Nucleus of a Cell

25. Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features Chapter 4 Nucleus, continued • Nuclear Envelope • The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane called the

26. Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features Chapter 4 Nucleus, continued • Nucleolus • The nucleolus is the place where

27. Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features Chapter 4 Mitochondria • Mitochondria

28. Mitochondria • Contain Cristae which are inner folds that carry out the energy harvesting chemical reactions of cellular respiration. • Have their own

29. Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features Chapter 4 Ribosomes • Ribosomesare either

30. Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features Chapter 4 Endoplasmic Reticulum • The rough ER

31. Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features Chapter 4 Endoplasmic Reticulum, continued • The smooth ER

32. Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features Chapter 4 Golgi Apparatus • TheGolgi apparatus

33. Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features Chapter 4 Vesicles • Vesicles, including

34. Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features Chapter 4 Vesicles, continued • Protein Synthesis • The rough ER, Golgi apparatus, and vesicles

35. Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features Chapter 4 Processing of Proteins

36. Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features Chapter 4 Cytoskeleton • The cytoskeleton is made of protein fibers that • The cytoskeleton includes

37. Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features Chapter 4 Cytoskeleton, continued • Cilia and Flagella • Ciliaandflagellaare hairlike structures that

38. Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features Chapter 4 Cytoskeleton, continued • Centrioles • Centriolesconsist of

39. Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features Chapter 4 Cytoskeleton, continued • Centrioles • Centriolesconsist of two short cylinders of microtubules at right angles to each other and are • Plants lack centrioles.

40. Section 4 Unique Features of Plant Cells Chapter 4 Objectives • Listthree structures that are present in plant cells but not in animal cells. • Comparethe plasma membrane,the primary cell wall, and the secondary cell wall. • Explainthe role of the central vacuole. • Describethe roles of plastids in the life of a plant. • Identifyfeatures that distinguish prokaryotes, eukaryotes, plant cells, and animal cells.

41. Section 4 Unique Features of Plant Cells Chapter 4 Plant Cells • Plant cells have cell walls, central vacuoles, and plastids.

42. Section 4 Unique Features of Plant Cells Chapter 4 Cell Wall • In plant cells, a rigidcell wall

43. Section 4 Unique Features of Plant Cells Chapter 4 Central Vacuole • Largecentral vacuoles

44. Section 4 Unique Features of Plant Cells Chapter 4 Plastids • Plastidsstore • The chloroplast converts

45. Section 4 Unique Features of Plant Cells Chapter 4 Comparing Cells • Prokaryotes, animal cells, and plant cells can be distinguished from each other by

46. Section 4 Unique Features of Plant Cells Chapter 4 Comparing Plant and Animal Cells