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Language Contact

Language Contact. Contact Situations I. High-level intensity > Bilingualism II. Low-level intensity > Sufficient for lexical borrowing III. Prestige IV. Need (Borrowing accompanies introduction of new thing or concept). Borrowing. 1. Lexical, including calques 2. Phonological

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Language Contact

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  1. Language Contact • Contact Situations • I. High-level intensity > Bilingualism • II. Low-level intensity > Sufficient for lexical borrowing • III. Prestige • IV. Need (Borrowing accompanies introduction of new thing or concept)

  2. Borrowing 1. Lexical, including calques 2. Phonological 3. Morphological

  3. 1. Lexical Borrowing • 11th century Norman invasion • => Borrowing due to intense contact • Nearly 1/3 of frequently used English vocabulary borrowed from French

  4. Prestige • NativeFrench Borrowing • cow beef • calf veal • pig pork

  5. Prestige => Formality • Native JapaneseSino-Japanese • kimi-tachi 諸君 sho-kun • ‘you-all’ ‘each-gentleman’ • suwaru着席 chaku-seki • ‘sit’ ‘take-seat’

  6. Need-based Borrowing • potato (Spanish > English) • coffee (Turkish > European languages) • 谷歌 (English > Mandarin) • guge • ‘Google’

  7. Immediate/Ultimate Source • UltimateImmediate • potato Taino (Haiti) > Spanish patatapatata/batata • UltimateImmediate • coffee Arabic > Turkish • qahwa kahveh

  8. Calques: Loan Translations • railroad/railway ‘iron road/way’ • Finnish: rauta-tie ‘iron-road’ • French: chemin de fer ‘road of iron’ • German: Eisen-bahn ‘iron-path/road’ • Spanish: ferro-carril ‘iron-lane/way’ • Japanese: 鉄道 tetsudoo ‘iron way’ • Mandarin: 鉄路 tielu ‘iron road’

  9. 2. Phonological Borrowing • English [ʒ] from French • rouge, prestige • => New sound introduced

  10. New Phonemic Distinction • Japanese allophones of /t/ • /t/ > [ts] / [ɯ] ([tsɯkaɯ] ‘use’) • /t/ > [ʧ] / [i] ([ʧiːsai] ‘small’) • But /t/ > [t] / [i] possible in loans. • [tiː] ‘tea’ • [paːtiː] ‘party’

  11. 3. Morphological Borrowing • Latin > French > English –able/-ible • equitable, potable, legible • Attach to native stems • => doable, singable, laughable, drinkable

  12. Pidgins & Creoles • Contact of mutually unintelligible languages • Mixture of characteristics of both • Lexicon from socially dominant language (superstrate) • Phonology from nondominant language (substrate) • Creole – Nativized pidgin

  13. Tok Pisin • Tok Pisin is a creole; an official language of Papua New Guinea. • English lexicon, Melanesian phonology • [dok] ‘dog’ • [fis] ‘fish’ • [pen] ‘paint’ • [penim] ‘paint something’

  14. Dispela marasin bilong klinim tis. • ‘This medicine is for cleaning teeth.’ • pela < ‘fellow’ • => suffix to create determiner or noun modifier • bilong < ‘belong’ • => purpose, possession • -im < ‘him’ • => object marker

  15. Papa bilong mipela • Yu stap long heven. • Nem bilong yu i mas i stap holi. • Our father, • who art in heaven, • hallowed be thy name.

  16. Language Endangerment • Minority languages in multi-lingual societies lose speakers. • Moribund – Children cease to acquire the language. • Language death – Last native speakers die.

  17. Factors • 1. Discrimination (e.g. legal prohibition) • 2. Limited domains of usage (e.g. home, immediate family) • 3. Educational, economic pressure – People leave the community for opportunity.

  18. Endangered Languages • Many Native American languages • Native Austronesian languages in Taiwan • Native languages in North Africa • Native languages in China • Native languages in Russia

  19. Colonial Languages in Taiwan 1662: Chinese colonization 1895: Japanese occupation • Japanese as the official language • Japanese as the language of public education 1945: Return of Chinese rule • Mandarin replaces Japanese.

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