Language Contact Phenomena in the Language of Finns living in Oslo, Norway

1. Language Contact Phenomena in the Language of Finns living in Oslo, Norway Leena Maria Heikkola, MA Finnish Department Åbo Akademi, Turku, Finland

2. Language as the Mirror of National Identity • Master’s Thesis: Kieli kansallisen identiteetin peilinä – Koodinvaihto ja murre oslonsuomalaisten ja –italialaisten kielessä (Heikkola 2005) (Language as the mirror of national identity – codeswitching and dialect in the language of Finns and Italians in Oslo)

3. Hypothesis of the thesis • Use of dialect reflects national identity • Use of codeswitching reflects integration • In this paper I concentrate on language contact phenomena

4. The study - Informants • 10 first generation immigrants • Reason for moving study or work • 9 women, 1 man • 23-67 years old • Average age 27

5. The study – Method and data • Recorded interviews • Based on a questionnaire • Transcribed roughly

6. The study - Results • I divide language contact phenomena in three categories: 1) Prosodic and phonetic language contact phenomena 2) Borrowing 3) Codeswitching • Main focus on borrowing and codeswitching

7. Phonetic and prosodic phenomena • Majority pronounced according to Norwegian phonology and declined/conjugated according to Finnish morphology • Rising intonation at the end of a phrase (Norwegian intonation, see Strandskogen 2001) • Prolongation of vowels or words • Norwegian affects the pronunciation of one informant

8. Borrowing and codeswitching

9. Borrowing

10. Established loans • Two groups: 1) commonly used loans (13/16) 2) loans used due to interference (3/16) • Example: 77, F3: Ne, ketkä tykkää DISAINISTA, on ihan innoissaan, et Suomi on hyvä juttu. (Those who like DESIGN are excited that Finland’s great.) • Example: F2: No kyl mie nyt, siis kyl mie nyt uutiset katon ja silleen, mut en mie noit, mitä ne on, DEBATTEJA jaksa katella. (Well, I do now, I mean, I do watch the news now and stuff, but I don’t feel like watching, what are they, DEBATES.)

11. Translation loans - Verbs • Verbs form the largest group of translation loans: 13/39 • Example: F4, 47: Et edelleen ei oikee, o tälle toiselle ihmiselle voi antaa anteeks, koska se ei oo niinku, se ei oo ollu meillä töissä pitkään, mut se toinen ihminen, joka kysy multa, se on ollu tosi pitkään ja se on nähny mun nimen kirjotettuna, ei mun nimest voi OTTAA niinku siis VÄÄRIN, että. [ta fel] (So still I can’t really, I can’t forgive this other person , because she has not been like, she has not been working for us for long, but this other person, who asked me, she’s been working there a long time, and she’s seen my name in writing, you cannot MISINTERPRETE my name [to be Norwegian], so.)

12. Translation loans –Others • 14/39 wrong cases due to interference • 5/39 nouns and 5/39 adjectives • 2/39 times • Out of 39, 8 are quotations • F1 and F7 not native Finnish speakers, their loans form half of the translation loans (17/39)

13. Loans • Definition = Words that occur in the data 3 or more times, which are declined/conjugated according to Finnish morphology (frequency-based criterion, Myers-Scotton 1997)

14. Loans • Largest group: Food names 23/36 • Example: 73, F3:Sitte FISKEBOLLE, siis kaikki sekotettu kala on hirveen pahaa, johon on sekotettu jauhoa ja muuta. [kalapulla] (Then FISHBALL, I mean all mixed fish is terribly bad, if it’s mixed with flour and stuff.)

15. Loans • 9/36 greeting words • 3/36 word trinn (level) • Other words used, but not present in this study: • For example: pensym (syllabus), semesteri (semester), grunnfag (foundation subject), mellomfag (intermediate subject) etc.

16. Codeswitching • Matrix language Finnish, the embedded language Norwegian, sometimes Swedish or English • I analyze codeswitching in the data according to Myers-Scotton’s MLF Model • Poplack 1985: tagswitching, intersentential and intrasentential codeswitching

17. Codeswitching

18. MLF Model • Myers-Scotton (1997): ML and EL islands and ML + EL constituents • ML islands: Matrix language words in accordance with matrix language grammar • ML + EL constituents: Matrix language system and content morfemes, and EL content morfemes in accordance with matric language grammar • EL (embedded language) island: EL content and system morphemes in accordance with EL grammar

19. Tagswitching • Only one occurrence, informant F4 • Example: 41, F4: Että tuota niin niin, ne niinku vaatii tavallaan täällä Oslossa, et sun täytyy puhua sujuvaa, tai muuten ei, SORI DAALING. [anteeksi, kulta] (So that well, they kind of require it here in Oslo, that you have to speak fluent, or else no, SORRY DARLING. ) • Element forms an EL island – it follows English phonology and it’s function is sentence-filling • It is also possible that this switch to English is actually an English loan in Finnish

20. Intrasentential codeswitching • Largest group, forms 80 % (55/79) of all codeswitching • Largest group also in Kovács’ (2001) study on Australian Finnish (74,1%) and Australian Hungarian (80,3%) • Myers-Scotton: Intrasentential codeswitches form 78% • Halmari: Intrasentential codeswitches form 78% • Used by every informant, except for F9, and F5 and F10 due to recording failure

21. Intrasentential codeswitching • 9/55 English switches: • 2 phrases, 6 nouns, 1 adjective • 46/55 Norwegian switches: • 32 nouns, 5 verbs, 5 adjectives, 3 prepositions, 1 negative

22. Intrasentential codeswitching

23. Intrasentential codeswitching • 13/38 nouns related to studying, working, or living in Norway • Example:104, F7: Öö, onhan meil sit jotkut, no englannin kielellä ei o niin paljon, mutta nyt kiinan kielellä on joitakin semmosia PENSYM-kirjoja kans. [lukulista] (Um, we do have some, well in English not so much, but in Chinese we have some SYLLABUS books also.)

24. Intrasentential codeswitching • 12/55 Food words • 6/55 other words: • 2 family words, and 4 Norwegian terms used instead of Finnish words

25. Intrasentential codeswitching • ML + EL constituents – L2 content words embedded in ML • Original phonological form • Conjugated/declined according to ML syntax and morphology • One exception: 51, F4: Ei tuu, mut mä luen niinku netistä tota tai sit tota ostan Daagblaa, Veegee. (No, I don’t get it, but I read like on the Web or then I buy Dagblad, VG.)

26. Intersentential codeswitching • Occurs in 3 informants’s speech (F3, F4, F7) who have lived longest in Norway • N=14: 2 Swedish, 4 English, 8 Norwegian • Example: 39, F3: Sit se sano, mitä se sanokaan, että, SEL OM DU JOBBER HÄÄR? Sitten mää sanoin, että JAA, JÄI JOBBER HÄÄR JÄI, öö, JAA. Mää en niinku ymmärtäny, mistä se puhu. Sitten se sano uuestaan sen SEL OM DU JOBBER HÄÄR.. Öö, YNSHYL, JÄI SHÖNNER IKKE VA DY MEENER. Se vastaa sitten englanniks, IIVEN THOU JUU WÖÖRK HIÖR?

27. Intersentential codeswitching (Then he said, what did he say, that, EVEN THOUGH YOU WORK HERE? Then I said, that YEAH, I DO WORK HERE, UM, YES. I didn’t like understand, what he was on about. Then he said it again, that EVEN THOUGH YOU WORK HERE. Um, EXCUSE ME, I HAVE NO IDEA WHAT YOU’RE TALKING ABOUT. then he answers in Englísh, EVEN THOUGH YOU WORK HERE?)

28. Intersentential codeswitching • EL islands in ML • L2 words, conjugated according to syntactic, morphological and phonological rules of L2 • 9/14 quotations

29. Pragmatic codeswitching • Gumperz (1982): Quotation – Not always in the original language • In this data always in the original language • Gumperz (1982): Emphasis – Repetition in the second language • In this data Norwegian terms repeted and /or explained in Finnish

30. Pragmatic codeswitching • 42, F4: Mutta musta oli tosi hauskaa, ihan nyt viime aikoina silleen niinkö et, mää, mää oon pitäny duunissa silleen, meillon semmonen niinku MOORNMÖÖTTE, eli semmonen aamukokous niinku. [aamukokous] (But I thought it was really funny, just during the last days so that, I, I’ve been holding at work, we have this like a MORNING MEETING, so like a meeting in the morning.)

31. Control group • Hypothesis: Dialect reflects national identity and codeswitching integration into Norway • More men – Reflects the amount of Italians in Oslo • Italians do not use as much codeswitching as Finns due to close Italian community which decreases integration

32. Conclusions • Inner-group interviewer: More codeswitching in Finnish • Most codeswitching: • Informants who have lived longest in Norway • Informants who know the interviewer the best • In informal conversation

33. Ideas for the future • It would be more fruitful to use other methods for gathering data to study codeswitching in the language of Finns, and Italians, living in Oslo • It would also be interesting to study codeswitching in the Finns’ Norwegian language

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35. Kiitos! lheikkol@abo.fi