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Revolutionary Ideologies: The “-isms”

Revolutionary Ideologies: The “-isms”. 1750-1914 Lesson 2. Main Ideas:. All revolutions have ideological origins, and as a result are led by intellectual/educated groups

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Revolutionary Ideologies: The “-isms”

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  1. Revolutionary Ideologies: The “-isms” 1750-1914 Lesson 2

  2. Main Ideas: • All revolutions have ideological origins, and as a result are led by intellectual/educated groups • The late-18th & 19th Centuries were characterized by ideological transformations influenced by the Enlightenment and by economic changes • Generally, these ideologies place greater emphasis on the common classes than any previous intellectual movements

  3. Liberalism • American, French, Haitian, Information • Enlightenment origins • natural rights & equality • supremacy of law • govt. by consent • Deism • Role of the bourgeoisie • economics • Locke, Voltaire, Rousseau, Jefferson, Robespierre

  4. Nationalism • American, French, Haitian, Iranian, South African • Nations & Nation-States • Fundamentals • ultimate loyalty to the nation • states should organize according to character of the nation • Nationalism vs. Patriotism • Pros & Cons • power of emotion • Hamilton, Napoleon, Bolívar, Zapata, Mussolini, Hitler

  5. Capitalism • Industrial, Information • Economic liberalism • Fundamentals • Law of Supply & Demand • laissez faire • markets controlled by individuals (not govt.) • Pros & cons • entrepreneurs vs. workers • Smith, Ricardo, Malthus

  6. Socialism • Industrial, South African, Mexican • When capitalism runs amok • Fundamentals • Critical resources controlled by govt. • Life’s essentials distributed equitably • Pros & cons • The Welfare State • Fourier, Saint-Simon, Owen, Zapata & Villa, Khomeini

  7. Communism • Russian, Chinese • Marx & the dialectic • Fundamentals • History a story of class struggles • Capitalism naturally erodes itself • Proletariat rises at critical point to create classless society • No property, only “the State” • Pros & cons • Communism vs. Individualism • Role of violence; weaknesses • Inefficiency • Marx, Engels, Lenin, Mao

  8. Fundamentalism • Iranian • Fundamental = “The Basics”; typically associated with religion • Fundamentals • Scriptural/philosophical sources to be taken literally • Society reorganized along religious/ideological doctrine • Purification through religious/ideological fervor • Pros & cons • Power of belief • Khomeini, Koresh, bin Laden

  9. A Modern Perspective • Jihad vs. McWorld (Benjamin Barber) • Thesis: modern shift toward globalism is disintegrating the nation-state and driving people into two camps • McWorld: identification through corporatism & mass consumer culture • Jihad: those who can’t enter McWorld organize in a “tribalist” manner along fundamentalist lines (nationalist/cultural, religious, etc.)

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