Temperature Terms in Modern Eastern Armenian (MEA)

1. Temperature Terms in Modern Eastern Armenian (MEA) Michael Daniel (Moscow State University) & Victoria Khurshudian (INALCO (SEDYL, Inalco/CNRS))

2. Preliminaries Eastern Armenian – spoken in Armenia. Together with Western Armenian and various dialects, forms a branch of Indo-European. Spoken in the Caucasus the language has been in strong contact with Iranian, Turkic and Caucasian languages.

3. Source data: Eastern Armenian National Corpus (www.eanc.net) • about 110 million tokens • lexical and morphological annotation • covers EA from the mid-19th century to the present • both written and oral discourse • open internet access

4. Morphology • Eastern Armenian has a part-of-speech classification of the Indo-European type and rich inventory of derivational suffixes. Expectedly for such a system the temperature terminology is adjective-oriented. • Out of 16 non-derived temperature terms, there is only one non-derived verb (mrsel ‘get cold, exp.’); several terms are used both as nouns and adjectives (tap ‘hot, heat’ n., hov ‘cold’ adj., ‘wind’ n., c‘urt‘cold’ adj, krak ‘fire, very hot’ n./adj. and noun), other basic terms are adjectives. • No special syntax / morphology except for probably a higher degree of conversion (unmarked adjective ↔ noun derivation) than expected. Rich inchoative and causative verbal derivation (but almost no stative temperature verbs).

5. Inchoative and causative derivation

6. Diachrony: relative stability

7. tak‘ vs.ĵerm The main tactile term for HOT, tak‘, is almost never used in metaphorical extensions. Classical Armenianĵerm is used exclusively metaphorically. A hypothesis to be checked: in Modern Eastern Armenian, tak‘ (IE origins uncertain) has replaced ĵerm (IE origins, cognate to warm) as a basic HOT term, leaving it outside the main temperature domain, in the metaphorical extension area.

8. Non-derived temperature terms If one believes in intermediate temperatures…

9. LUKE The zone is isolated on several grounds: perception • gol perceived as intermediate between COLD and HOT (but also, to some extent, zov, hov) grammar 2. no comparative constructions; inchoative may be used in both sense - ↑ and ↓

10. Examples with gol ↓↑ 1. Ջուրը սառնարանից նոր հանեցի, թող գոլանա: Ĵur-ǝ saŕnaran-ic’ nor han-ec’i water-DEF refrigerator-ABL new take.out-AOR.1SG t’oġ gol-an-a let cool-INCH-SBJV.PRS.3SG ‘I’ve just taken out the water from the refrigerator, let it cool.’ ↑ 2. Կաթը նոր եփեց, սպասիր գոլանա: Kat’ǝ nor ep’-ec’ milk-DEF new boil-AOR.3SG spas-ir gol-an-a wait-IMP.2SG cool-INCH-SBJV.PRS.3SG ‘The milk has just boiled, wait [so that] it cools.’ ↓

11. Non-derived temperature terms

12. Non-derived temperature terms gol

13. šog t‘ež tactile non-tactile metaphorical domain tak’ ĵerm Temperature scale gol paġ zov hov saŕǝ c’urt

14. Tactile vs. Non-Tactile vs. Metaphoricin terms of Cold vs. Warm

15. Addenda: • Tactile temperatures salience: metaphorical extensions (for COLD), richer derivation • Retrospective temperature: paġ ‘cool’ or ‘one that became cool’ • Clothing temperature: extension from the basic tak’ ‘warm’ for warm clothes, not available for “cold clothes” (‘thin’ or ‘light’ insight) • Personal temperature: derived only (verbal for ‘I’m cold’ and ‘I’m hot’; nominalization for fever) • Liquid temperatures: basic terms tak’ ‘hot’, saŕǝ ‘cold’, gol ‘luke’, paġ ‘cool’, ‘one that became cool’)

16. Ջերմ շնորհակալությո՜ւն ուշադրության համարĵermšnorhakalut’yun(!) ušadrut’-yan hamarwarm gratitude attention-GEN for‘Warm thanks you for your attention!’