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EET433 RENEWABLE ENERGY “ SOLAR RESOURCE”

EET433 RENEWABLE ENERGY “ SOLAR RESOURCE”. Oleh TUNKU MUHAMMAD NIZAR BIN TUNKU MANSUR PPK SISTEM ELEKTRIK. THE EARTH’S SPINNING AXIS ORBITING THE SUN. SOLAR RESOURCE EET433 SEMESTER 2 2013/2014. THE EARTH’S SPINNING AXIS ORBITING THE SUN.

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EET433 RENEWABLE ENERGY “ SOLAR RESOURCE”

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  1. EET433 RENEWABLE ENERGY“SOLAR RESOURCE” Oleh TUNKU MUHAMMAD NIZAR BIN TUNKU MANSUR PPK SISTEM ELEKTRIK

  2. THE EARTH’S SPINNING AXIS ORBITING THE SUN SOLAR RESOURCE EET433 SEMESTER 2 2013/2014

  3. THE EARTH’S SPINNING AXIS ORBITING THE SUN • The plane swept out by the earth in its orbit is called the ecliptic plane. The earth’s spin axis is currently tilted 23.45owith respect to the ecliptic plane. • On March 21 and September 21, a line from the center of the sun to the center of the earth passes through the equator and everywhere on earth will have 12 hours of daytime and 12 hours of night, hence the term equinox (equal day and night). • On December 21, the winter solstice in the Northern Hemisphere, the inclination of the North Pole reaches its highest angle away from the sun (23.45o), while on June 21 the opposite occurs. SOLAR RESOURCE EET433 SEMESTER 2 2013/2014

  4. SOLAR DECLINATION ANGLE SOLAR RESOURCE EET433 SEMESTER 2 2013/2014

  5. SOLAR DECLINATION ANGLE • The angle formed between the plane of the equator and a line drawn from the center of the sun to the center of the earth is called the solar declination, δ. Solar Declination Angle, δ for the 21st Day of Each Month (degrees) SOLAR RESOURCE EET433 SEMESTER 2 2013/2014

  6. THE ALTITUDE ANGLE OF THE SUN AT SOLAR NOON SOLAR RESOURCE EET433 SEMESTER 2 2013/2014

  7. THE ALTITUDE ANGLE OF THE SUN AT SOLAR NOON • The altitude angle is the angle between the sun and the local horizon directly beneath the sun. • From the given relationship, L is the latitude of the site and βNis the solar altitude angle at solar noon. • Zenith is referred to an axis drawn directly overhead at a site. • On the average, facing a collector toward the equator (for the Northern Hemisphere, which means facing south) and tilting it up at an angle equal to the local latitude is a good rule-of-thumb for annual performance. SOLAR RESOURCE EET433 SEMESTER 2 2013/2014

  8. SOLAR POSITION AT ANY TIME OF DAY SOLAR RESOURCE EET433 SEMESTER 2 2013/2014

  9. 90o Tilt angle of module b g Altitude of Sun SOLAR POSITION IN RELATION WITH PV MODULE SOLAR RESOURCE EET433 SEMESTER 2 2013/2014

  10. SOLAR POSITION AT ANY TIME OF DAY • The location of the sun at any time of day can be described in terms of its altitude angle β and its azimuth angle φs as shown in previous slide. • By convention, the azimuth angle is positive in the morning with the sun in the east and negative in the afternoon with the sun in the west where true south as its reference. • The solar altitude angle and azimuth angle is given by: SOLAR RESOURCE EET433 SEMESTER 2 2013/2014

  11. SOLAR POSITION AT ANY TIME OF DAY • The hour angle, H is the number of degrees that the earth must rotate before the sun will be directly over your local meridian (line of longitude). • The difference between the local meridian and the sun’s meridian is the hour angle, with positive values occurring in the morning before the sun crosses the local meridian. • Considering the earth to rotate 360oin 24 h, or 15o/h, the hour angle can be described as follows: SOLAR RESOURCE EET433 SEMESTER 2 2013/2014

  12. QUESTION #1 • At what angle should a south-facing solar PV module at Shanghai, China (L = 31oN), be tipped up in order for solar rays to fall perpendicular to the module at solar noon on the following dates? • 21 March • 21 December • 21 July • 21 October • What is the best tilt angle for annual performance? SOLAR RESOURCE EET433 SEMESTER 2 2013/2014

  13. QUESTION #2 • At what angle should a North-facing solar PV module at Brisbane, Australia (L = 27oS), be tipped up in order for solar rays to fall perpendicular to the module at solar noon on the following dates? • 21 March • 21 December • 21 July • 21 October • What is the best tilt angle for annual performance? SOLAR RESOURCE EET433 SEMESTER 2 2013/2014

  14. QUESTION #3 • Find the altitude and azimuth angles of the sun at the following times, dates and places. • Hobart, Australia (L = 42.8oS) at 6.00pm on 21 December. • San Francisco, USA (L = 38oN) at 6.00pm on 21 December. SOLAR RESOURCE EET433 SEMESTER 2 2013/2014

  15. SUNPATH DIAGRAM FOR SHADING ANALYSIS SOLAR RESOURCE EET433 SEMESTER 2 2013/2014

  16. SUNPATH DIAGRAM FOR SHADING ANALYSIS SOLAR RESOURCE EET433 SEMESTER 2 2013/2014

  17. SOLAR RADIATION • Solar radiation may be discussed in terms of Irradiance, Irradiation and Peak Sun Hour. • Solar Irradiance (G) is defined as intensity of solar power at a point of observation. Unit is Wm-2. • Solar Irradiation (H) is defined as intensity of solar energy at a point of observation . Unit is Whm-2. • All measurement and design calculations related to solar-based energy technologies use the integration of power intensities over time to get solar energy intensity. • The energy intensity (irradiation) may be reported as daily, monthly or annually values. SOLAR RESOURCE EET433 SEMESTER 2 2013/2014

  18. SOLAR RADIATION • In terms of irradiance, solar radiation reaching Earth surface can be divided into following components: Gglobal= Gdirect + Gdiffuse • Solar irradiance that reaches the top of Earth’s atmospheric is 1,367Wm-2 which is called solar constant (Gsc). This radiation is largely reflected back into outer space which is called Albedo. • When it enters the atmosphere, the solar radiation will be a combination of direct-beam radiation that passes in a straight line to the receiver, diffuse radiation that has been scattered by particles in the atmosphere, and reflected radiation that has bounced off the ground or other surface in front of the collector . SOLAR RESOURCE EET433 SEMESTER 2 2013/2014

  19. The sun Reflected solar radiation (albedo) from atmosphere Solar radiation at top of atmosphere Go = 1,367 Wm-2 Diffuse solar radiation Reflected solar radiation from ground clouds Solar radiation at sea level G = 1,000 Wm-2 SOLAR RADIATION SOLAR RESOURCE EET433 SEMESTER 2 2013/2014

  20. SOLAR RADIATION SOLAR RESOURCE EET433 SEMESTER 2 2013/2014

  21. SOLAR RADIATION • The SI unit for energy is called joule (J). Since this unit is relatively small quantity, large energy quantities such as solar radiation data are often expressed in terms of Mega Joule (MJ). • Normally, energy unit that often used in solar engineering is kilowatt hour (kWh). • The conversion factor for MJ and kWh is 1kWh = 3.6 MJ or 1MJ = 1/3.6 kWh SOLAR RESOURCE EET433 SEMESTER 2 2013/2014

  22. SOLAR RADIATION • Often in PV system sizing, a more practical approach is using Peak Sun Hour (PSH) approach. • Technically, PSH is defined as the equivalent number of hours in a day when the solar power intensity is 1000Wm-2, or • The number of PSH for the day is the number of hours for which energy at rate of 1kWm-2 would give an equivalent amount of energy to the total energy for that day. SOLAR RESOURCE EET433 SEMESTER 2 2013/2014

  23. Irradiance 1 kW / m2 Irradiance varies during the day Hour of the day 7.00 am 10.00 am 2.00 pm 5.30 pm PEAK SUN HOUR (PSH) SOLAR RESOURCE EET433 SEMESTER 2 2013/2014

  24. SOLAR RADIATION • Monthly Global Irradiation (kWhm-2) received by collector at selected tilt angle facing South at AlorSetar (Azimuth = 0o) SOLAR RESOURCE EET433 SEMESTER 2 2013/2014

  25. SOLAR TIME • The Sun’s apparent motion as seen by an observer on Earth is called solar path and it can be traced based on Solar Time (ST) and it does not necessarily coincide with Civil Time (CT) which is local time shown by our watches. • The relationship is given by: ST = CT + [4 x (Lsite – Lsm) + E] where ST = Solar Time (h) CT = Civil Time (h) Lsite = Longitude of the site (deg) Lsm = Longitude of standard meridian of the site E = Equation of Time (min) SOLAR RESOURCE EET433 SEMESTER 2 2013/2014

  26. SOLAR TIME Graph Equation of Time (EOT) SOLAR RESOURCE EET433 SEMESTER 2 2013/2014

  27. SOLAR TIME (EXAMPLE) • Calculate the Solar Time for KampungWai at latitude of 3.08 deg N and longitude of 101.53 deg E if the standard meridian time is 120 deg E and Civil Time are: • 12.00PM on 15 Feb • 1.00PM on 31 October SOLAR RESOURCE EET433 SEMESTER 2 2013/2014

  28. SOLAR TIME (EXAMPLE) • From chart for E, on 15 February; E = -14min ST = 12h +[4 x ( 101 – 120)min - 14min] ST = 12h +[4 x (– 19)min - 14min] ST = 12h – 76min - 14min = 10h:30min • From chart for E, on 31 Oct; E =+17min ST = 13h +[4 x ( 101 – 120)min + 17min] ST = 13h +[4 x (– 19)min + 17min] ST = 13h – 76min + 17min = 12h:1.2min SOLAR RESOURCE EET433 SEMESTER 2 2013/2014

  29. SOLAR TIME (Question) • PulauAra has longitude 11.5 deg E and latitude f 22.2 deg S. Its longitude of standard meridian is 15 deg E. Determine the Civil Time during June solstice if E = -4min. SOLAR RESOURCE EET433 SEMESTER 2 2013/2014

  30. QUANTIFYING SOLAR ENERGY FOR PV APPLICATION • For doing PV system sizing, one of the fundamental quantities is the amount of solar energy available at particular site. • To obtain the value, the designer can use either hardware equipment and / or software. • Among the popular hardware equipments used are pyranometer and solarimeter. • Among the popular software used for analytical method are such as PVSYST and HOMER. SOLAR RESOURCE EET433 SEMESTER 2 2013/2014

  31. PYRANOMETER SOLAR RESOURCE EET433 SEMESTER 2 2013/2014

  32. SOLARPATH FINDER SOLAR RESOURCE EET433 SEMESTER 2 2013/2014

  33. SOLARPATH DIAGRAM SOLAR RESOURCE EET433 SEMESTER 2 2013/2014

  34. SOLARPATH DIAGRAM SOLAR RESOURCE EET433 SEMESTER 2 2013/2014

  35. REFERENCES • G.M. Masters, “Renewable and Efficient Electric Power Systems”, John Wiley & Sons, 2004. • SulaimanShaari, Ahmad Maliki Omar & ShahrilIrwanSulaiman, “ Fundamentals of Solar Photovoltaic Technology”, Sustainable Energy Development Authority of Malaysia, 2012. • ShahrilIrwanSulaimanSulaimanShaari & Ahmad Maliki Omar, “Solar Irradiation Data for Malaysia”, Sustainable Energy Development Authority of Malaysia, 2012. • www.solarpathfinder.com • www.kippzonen.com SOLAR RESOURCE EET433 SEMESTER 2 2013/2014

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