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Proposed Nutrient Criteria for Drinking Water Lakes and Reservoirs in NY State

Cliff Callinan, P.E. & Ron Entringer, P.E.; NYSDEC John Hassett , Ph.D., SUNY ESF Jim Hyde, NYSDOH 2013 NYC Watershed/ Tifft Science & Technical Symposium. Proposed Nutrient Criteria for Drinking Water Lakes and Reservoirs in NY State. SDWA NYSAWWA. CWA NYWEA. Presentation Overview.

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Proposed Nutrient Criteria for Drinking Water Lakes and Reservoirs in NY State

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  1. Cliff Callinan, P.E. & Ron Entringer, P.E.; NYSDEC John Hassett, Ph.D., SUNY ESF Jim Hyde, NYSDOH 2013 NYC Watershed/Tifft Science & Technical Symposium Proposed Nutrient Criteria for Drinking Water Lakes and Reservoirs in NY State SDWA NYSAWWA CWA NYWEA

  2. Presentation Overview • Introduction • Study & Methods • Findings • Conclusions-Recommendations • Q & A From: drjudywood.com Callinan - 2013 Watershed/Tifft

  3. Learning Objectives • Understand linkages between nutrient enrichment & potential human-health related impacts to potable water supplies (PWSs) • Understand “linkages” between SDWA & CWA • Discuss potential unintended consequences that may arise from certain operational changes targeted at addressing some of these issues • Briefly review derivation of proposed numeric nutrient criteria (NNC) for PWS lakes and reservoirs Callinan - 2013 Watershed/Tifft

  4. Why the Concern w/ Nutrients & PWS? DBPs: cancer of colon & liver, as well as bladder & kidney; acute reproductive Arsenic: cancer of bladder & kidney, as well as liver, prostate & lung Cyanotoxins: acute toxicity (liver & nervous system), as well as possible carcinogen, also hypothetical link to ALS & other neurological disorders universe-review.ca Callinan - 2013 Watershed/Tifft

  5. How Does this Happen ? PWS Concerns Watershed Inputs Cyanotoxins, Taste & Odor, Filter Clogging, & Treatment Costs Disinfection By-Products & Treatment Costs Arsenic, Iron/Manganese & Treatment Costs Algae & Cyanobacteria P Cl2 Autochthonous NOM Allochthonous Harder to treat Easier to treat Leaves, humic & fulvic acids, WWTPs, etc As P O2 O2 Sediments Anoxia Credit: Jim Hyde

  6. Allochthonous v. Autochthonous • Source Water Protection Perspective •  Allochthonouslargely beyond our control •  Autochthonousamenable to control via nutrient management (i.e., NNC) • Water Treatment Perspective •  Allochthonous easier to remove •  Autochthonoushard to remove • Tangential/Value Added Benefits •  Reduce unregulated DBPs •  Limit cyanobacteria & toxins •  Limit REDOX issues (e.g., As, Fe, Mn, P, etc.) Callinan - 2013 Watershed/Tifft

  7. “A major challenge for water suppliers is how to balance the risks from microbial pathogens and disinfection byproducts. It is important to provide protection from microbial pathogens while simultaneously minimizing health risks to the population from disinfection byproducts.” From: http://water.epa.gov/lawsregs/rulesregs/sdwa/mdbp/index.cfm Unintended Consequences • “Whack-a-Mole” Phenomenon • “Chase-the-MCL” Scenario  Chloramines: N-DBPs, I-DBPs  ClO2 – Chlorite/Chlorate • Algaecides (e.g., CuSo4) & Preox.  Potential release CB toxins  Release of DOC   DBPs • Fe & Mn Control  oxidant dose   DBPs From: Sadiq et al. (2004) Callinan - 2013 Watershed/Tifft

  8. Presentation Overview • Introduction • Study Intro. & Methods • Findings • Conclusions/Recommendations • Q & A Callinan - 2013 Watershed/Tifft

  9. Project Introduction & Disclaimer • Project originated in response to a USEPA RFP related to development of nutrient criteria • Project Goal: Establish nutrient criteria for potable waters in NY State protective of human health • Presentation Disclaimer: Material presented is a work in progress and is notofficial NY State policy as yet ! Callinan - 2013 Watershed/Tifft

  10. Institutional Acknowledgements Upstate Freshwater Institute SUNY ESF NYSDEC New York State Department of Health Morgan State University Estuarine Research Center Several Public Water Supply Systems Callinan - 2013 Watershed/Tifft

  11. Methods (THMFP & Algal Toxins) • Sampling  Sampling was conducted on 21 lakes/reservoirs  Monthly sampling May - October • Laboratory Analysis  Conventional Indices (P, N, Chl-a, DOC)  Trihalomethane Formation Potential (THMFP)  Algal Toxins (microcystin-LR, anatoxin-a) Callinan - 2013 Watershed/Tifft

  12. Presentation Overview • Introduction • Study Intro. & Methods • Findings • Conclusions-Recommendations • Q & A Callinan - 2013 Watershed/Tifft

  13. Basic Limnology Findings Steps 1 & 2 • Very good relationship observed between total phosphorus (causal variable) and chlorophyll a (response variable) - r2 ~ 0.85  Generally consistent with (NY) statewide findings as well as other investigators  Supports the hypothesis that phosphorus controls algae growth within these systems during the growing season Callinan - 2013 Watershed/Tifft

  14. Callinan - 2013 Watershed/Tifft digital-librarian.com

  15. commons.wikimedia.org Disinfection By-Products Findings Steps 1-3 & A Callinan - 2013 Watershed/Tifft

  16. Overview of THMFP Results • Seasonal increases in THMFP levels were observed in most of the systems studied • THMFP concentrations were found to increase with increasing trophic state • Reasonably predictive relationships were observed between trophic indices and THMFP; with r2: ~ 0.6 – 0.8 Callinan - 2013 Watershed/Tifft

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  19. Where to Draw the Line & Verification ? • THMFP is a “worst case” scenario • How to compare THMFP results to real world TTHMs • Employ off-the-shelf, peer-reviewed model  THM = f (DOC, time, dose, pH, temperature)  Run 1: Verify using SMs: Observed v. Model  Run 2: Use “typical” albeit conservative PWS conditions & TTHM MCL, Solve  DOCcrit.  Use DOCcrit. to solve for THMFPcrit.  Use THMFPcrit. to solve for [Chl-a] threshold • Verification: (1) Ground-truth w/ Real World Cases & (2) Corroboration from Independent Studies Callinan - 2013 Watershed/Tifft

  20. 3x MCL 2x MCL Callinan - 2013 Watershed/Tifft

  21. 3x MCL 2x MCL Callinan - 2013 Watershed/Tifft

  22. Ground Truth Exercises (DBPs) • Source Water Exhibiting Substantial Increase in Algal Biomass & Apparent Response in PWS 3rd Qtr. TTHM Levels • Source Water With Moderately Elevated Algal Biomass Levels and PWS Running Annual Average TTHM Levels Callinan - 2013 Watershed/Tifft

  23. Corroborative Studies From: anybodythere.net • OECD (1982): Guidance Value [TP] < 10 ug/l • British Columbia (1986): Guidance for water supply source water of [TP] = 10 ug/l • Arruda & Fromm (1989): Suggested [Chl-a] = 5 ug/l threshold to meet [TTHM] = 100 ug/l • Colorado DPHE (2012): Patterned on NY’s work (w/ enhancements); Very similar endpoint: [Chl-a] = 5 ug/lapplicable to Direct Use Water Supplies (DUWS). Callinan - 2013 Watershed/Tifft

  24. Algal Toxins Findings www.usgs.gov Steps 1-2, 6 & B earthfirstnews.files.wordpress.com

  25. Initial Cyanotoxin Findings • Caveats: (1) No U.S. CB toxin criteria – defer to WHO D.W. G.V. for MC-LR of 1 ug/l; (2) Additional NY Studies ongoing, but not yet fully analyzed • Preliminary findings suggest nutrient thresholds for the control of cyanobacteria and associated toxins is somewhat higher than thresholds for DBPs. Findings also consistent w/ others (e.g., Downing, et al. 2001) • Thus, it would appear that the thresholds derived for DBPs would also be protective for cyanobacteria and associated toxins. Callinan - 2013 Watershed/Tifft

  26. Arsenic Findings Steps 4-5 & C Callinan - 2013 Watershed/Tifft

  27. Initial Arsenic Findings • Results indicate arsenic levels can become elevated in hypolimnetic waters of some eutrophic lakes and reservoirs in New York during growing season • In general, it appears that arsenic is originating from natural sources, however, its enrichment in hypolimnion is likely due to DO depletion (in part due to cultural eutrophication), and reductive release. Callinan - 2013 Watershed/Tifft

  28. Callinan - 2013 Watershed/Tifft

  29. Presentation Overview • Introduction • Study Intro. & Methods • Findings • Conclusions-Recommendations • Q & A Callinan - 2013 Watershed/Tifft

  30. Summary of Take Home Messages • Nutrient enrichment of PWS waters can have adverse impacts on drinking water quality • The CWA & SDWA need to work in concert in order to best protect PWSs • Operational changes to address one concern may lead to additional challenge(s) • [Chl-a] < ~ 4-6 ug/l appear reasonably protective of PWS with respect to DBPs and algal toxins Callinan - 2013 Watershed/Tifft

  31. Q & A  Clifford W. Callinan, P.E. NYSDEC 625 Broadway, Albany, NY 12233-3502 (518) 402-8135 cwcallin@gw.dec.state.ny.us  N-Steps Web-cast (2007) http://n-steps.tetratech-ffx.com  AWWA Paper (2013) http://www.awwa.org/publications/journal-awwa/table-of-contents/issueid/36464160.aspx  AWWA Webinar 30 April, 2014 Callinan - 2013 Watershed/Tifft

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