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Skeletal System

Skeletal System. Bill Nye song: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1abT50xXyk&feature=related. Pre-assessment. 3-2-1- Cards List 3 things you already know about the skeletal system. List 2 questions you have about the skeletal system. List 1 thing you want to learn about the skeletal system.

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Skeletal System

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  1. Skeletal System Bill Nye song: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1abT50xXyk&feature=related

  2. Pre-assessment • 3-2-1- Cards • List 3 things you already know about the skeletal system. • List 2 questions you have about the skeletal system. • List 1 thing you want to learn about the skeletal system.

  3. Function of the skeletal system • 1.Support • 2.Protection • 3.Movement • 4.Blood Cell Formation • 5. Storage of Nutrients

  4. Classification of Bones I . Composition of bones: two types of bone A. Compact B. Spongy II. Shape of bones: A. Long bones B. Short bones C. Flat bones D. Irregular bones E. Sesamoid Every bone is made up of either spongy bone, compactbone, or both.

  5. I. Composition of Bones: A. Compact bone: dense, smooth and homogeneous throughout. B. Spongy bone: composed of small needle-like or flat pieces of bone called trabeculae and has many open spaces filled with bone marrow. • Aka cancellous bone

  6. A. Compact Bone The structural unit of compact bone is an osteon. Each osteon consists of concentric bone layers called lamellae, making the bone extremely hard and dense. The lamellae surround a long hollow passageway, the Haversian canal. This canal contains small blood vessels responsible for the blood supply to osteocytes (individual bone cells) a nerves. Canaliculi are little canals which connect bone cell and are used to exchange nutrients and waste.

  7. MATRIX

  8. B. Spongy Bone • Light, porous bone enclosing numerous large spaces that give a honeycombed or spongy appearance. • The bone matrix, or framework, is organized into a three-dimensional latticework of bony processes, called trabeculae, arranged along lines of stress. • The matrix is organized to provide maximum strength similar to braces that are used to support a building. • The spaces between are often filled with marrow.

  9. Bone Marrow • Is made in the spongy bone • When someone is born, all marrow is red. • Eventually, some of it gets converted into yellow marrow. • WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE?

  10. YELLOW BONE MARROW - CONSISTS MOSTLY OF FAT CELLS (ADIPOSE TISSUE). IT SERVES AS AN ENERGY RESERVE.  CAN ALSO BE CONVERTED TO RED BONE MARROW AND PRODUCE BLOOD CELLS WHEN SEVERE BLOOD LOSS OCCURS. RED BONE MARROW - FOUND IN SPONGY BONE, THE ENDS OF LONG BONES, RIBS, VERTEBRAE, THE STERNUM, AND THE PELVIS – PRODUCES RED BLOOD CELLS AND SPECIAL WHITE BLOOD CELLS CALLED LYMPHOCYTES, AND OTHER ELEMENTS OF BLOOD (platelets) THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF BONE MARROW FOUND IN MOST BONES:

  11. II. Shape of Bones: A. Long Bones • Bones that are longer than they are wide are called long bones. • They consist of a long shaft with two bulky ends or extremities. • They are primarily compact bone but may have a large amount of spongy bone at the ends or extremities. Ex. Humerus

  12. You need to know this one for lab • Even though these are small, finger bones are still classified as long bones.

  13. Growth Plate • Growth plates are located on the long bones of children and young people. These plates are areas of growing tissue near the end of the bones. • Each long bone has at least two growth plates-one at each end. This is where the long bones grow. When young people finish growing, the growth plates close and are replaced by solid bone. • Most growth plate fractures get better and do not cause any lasting problems.

  14. II. Shape of Bones: B. Flat Bones • Flat bones are thin, flattened, and usually curved. • Most of the bones of the cranium are flat bones.

  15. II. Shape of Bones: C. Short Bones • Short bones are roughly cube shaped with vertical and horizontal dimensions approximately equal. • They consist primarily of spongy bone, which is covered by a thin layer of compact bone. • Short bones include the bones of the wrist and ankle.

  16. II. Shape of Bones: D. Irregular Bones • Bones that are not in any of the above three categories are classified as irregular bones. • They are primarily spongy bone that is covered with a thin layer of compact bone. • The vertebrae and some of the bones in the skull are irregular bones.

  17. II. Shape of Bones:E. Sesamoid • Sesamoid bones can be found on joints throughout the body, they are the hardest form of cartilage. • Ex. the patella (within the quadriceps tendon)

  18. FYI: The only floating bone • Is the hyoid bone. • It is not joined to any other bone but is suspended in position by muscles that connect it to the mandible, each temporal bone, at the base of the skull, to the thyroid cartilage, to the sternum and to the scapula.

  19. Cartilage • Cartilage is a solid connective tissue that is to a certain extent pliable, making it resilient. These characteristics of cartilage are due to the nature of its matrix. • There are three kinds of cartilage: 1. hyaline cartilage 2. elastic cartilage 3. fibrocartilage.

  20. 1. Hyaline cartilage • is the most abundant type of cartilage. • Most of the skeleton of the fetus is laid down in cartilage before being replaced by bone. • Hyaline cartilage in the adult is found in the nose, parts of the respiratory tract, at the ends of ribs and at the articular surfaces of bones.

  21. 2. Elastic cartilage • similar to that of hyaline cartilage, but in addition to the other components, its matrix has elastic fibers and interconnecting sheets of elastic material. • This gives elastic cartilage an elasticity not present in hyaline cartilage. • Elastic cartilage is found in the external ear, the walls of the external auditory canal, the Eustachian tube, the epiglottis and the larynx.

  22. 3. Fibrocartilage • is the strongest and most rigid type of cartilage. • Fibrocartilage makes up the intervertebral discs, connects tendons and ligaments to bones, and appears in other high-stress areas. • Damaged hyaline cartilage is often replaced with fibrocartilage, which unfortunately does not bear weight as well due to its rigidity.

  23. Ligaments and Tendons • Bones are connected together by fibrous tissue called Ligaments. • Tendons are also fibrous tissue and attach muscle to bone. Both have some elasticity and do not heal on their own if torn. • Bone to bone = ligaments • Muscle to bone = tendon • An inflamed tendon is called tendonitis and is caused by overstretching the tendon. Cartilage is also fibrous tissue but is not elastic. Cartilage is used to cushion the junction of two bones.

  24. OUCH! Most PCL ruptures occur in car accidents when the dashboard rams into the knee. OUCH! There's 2 problems with the ACL and healing: 1) It's not highly vascularized (it has a poor blood supply) and 2) It tends to fray like a wire, which makes the ends difficult to put back together. A lot of times, for a rupture, surgeons will just clean out the old ACL and replace it with either a cadaver's (a dead guy's), part of the patellar tendon, or part of the hamstring.

  25. Common injuries involving ligaments/tendons

  26. Cartilage Disorders • There are a few disorders associated with cartilage. • Chondrodystrophies are a group of disorders in which the cartilage is ossified, or transformed into bone. • Arthritis is characterized by the degradation of cartilage in the joints, leading to limited movement and pain. • Achondroplasia is a cartilage disorder resulting in dwarfism. • Benign tumors called chondroma can also arise in the cartilage.

  27. General Skeleton Info. • The adult human skeleton usually consists of 206 named bones. • These bones can be grouped in two divisions: • Axial skeleton (80 bones) and • Appendicular skeleton (126 bones).

  28. Axial Skeleton 1. Skull(adult, child, infant) • Cranium • Facial bones • Hyoid bone 2. Vertebral column 3.Thoracic cage

  29. Appendicular Skeleton • Shoulder Girdle • Upper limbs • Pelvic Girdle • Lower Limbs

  30. Pelvic Girdle • Males have greater height and narrower pelvic width.  The absence of testosterone in girls prevents these skeletal developments; the presence of high levels of estrogen in a pubertal girl helps stimulate the growth and shape of the pelvic bones, but otherwise actually act to limit bone growth and final adult height. 

  31. Axial Skeleton: Cranium Ribs & Sternum Vertebrae Appendicular Skeleton: Arm & hand bones Leg & feet bones Clavicles Scapulas Hips

  32. Classwork • Play the skeleton game at: • http://www.aaronmartini.com/network/games/skeleton/index.html • Print out your results

  33. Bone Injuries

  34. Bone fractures • simple- bone breaks cleanly, does not penetrate the skin • compound- broken ends of bone protrude through skin • comminuted- bone fragments into many pieces • compression- bone is crushed • depressed- broken bone portion is pressed inward • impacted - broken bone ends are forced into each other • spiral - ragged break occurring when excessive twisting forces are applied to bone • greenstick - bone breaks incompletely similar to a green twig

  35. Jack Pires • Simple full break of the right radius • May 2010 • In a cast: 14 weeks

  36. X*rays

  37. Gross and a bit violent http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=muURh4vsXHc&feature=PlayList&p=CFE046E46D75EF31&index=0&playnext=1

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