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Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) Training

Dive into the stages of PRA with a spotlight on identifying pathways that influence pest entry and spread. Learn to assess risks and manage pathways effectively.

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Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) Training

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  1. CFIA-ACIA Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) Training International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) CFIA-ACIA

  2. Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) Stage 2: Pest Risk Assessment(entry)

  3. Outline • Entry as part of the PRA process • What is a pathway • Identifying and describing pathways • Factors influencing entry • origin • transport • transfer

  4. Stages of PRA • Stage 1: Initiation • Stage 2: Assessment of Pest Risk • Step 1: Pest Categorization • Step 2: Assessment of the Probability of Introduction (entry & establishment) and Spread • Step 3: Impacts • Step 4: Overall Assessment of Risk • Step 5: Uncertainty • Stage 3: Pest Risk Management

  5. What is a pathway? • A pathway allows entry or spread of a pest • use scientific names (pest / host) • Source (origin) • intended use • timing • volume • other details, e.g. of production

  6. Identification of pathways • Consider man-made (human-assisted) pathways • e.g. with host plant / host commodity • with soil associated with imported nursery stock • contaminating seeds and grain (commodities) • Consider forms of transport, commodities, or associated products • e.g. with wood packaging (associated products) • in shipping containers / rail cars (transport) • Consider natural spread as a mechanism for entry • e.g. terrestrial dispersal • via wind or water

  7. Pathways

  8. Pathways

  9. Potatoes as a pathway Photo from CIP, Peru

  10. ?

  11. Natural spread as a pathway

  12. Natural spread as a pathway

  13. Increasing numbers of pathways • Plant pests have always been spread via man’s activities • World Trade Organisation (WTO) has broken down trade barriers • Global trade dramatically increased during 20th Century

  14. Increasing numbers of pathways Source: WTO data http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch5en/conc5en/worldexports.html

  15. Increasing numbers of pathways • UK imports of cut flowers • 1991 50,475 tonnes • 1998 102,884 tonnes • Sources of cut flowers include: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Denmark, Dominica, France, Germany, Guatemala, Hungary, India, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kenya, Kuwait, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Romania, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Taiwan, Thailand, Togo, USA, Zimbabwe

  16. Describing a pathway • Apples (Malus pumila) fresh fruit from New Zealand to Australia for consumption • Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) from Egypt to Germany for processing into French fries • Rose cut flowers (Rosa) from Columbia via weekly airfreight to the USA for wholesale auction then retail in florists

  17. Describing a pathway • Grape vines (Vitis) from South Africa to Chile for planting and fruit production • Stone and quarried slate from China to northern Europe for use in the building and landscape industry, transported on ships arriving monthly and carried on solid wood packaging

  18. Describing a pathway • Fresh fruit carried by passengers on flights returning from country X between May and September.

  19. Pathway Country of Origin In Transit Country of Destination Pest Present Survival Pest Entry

  20. Association with pathway at origin • Probability of the pest being in/on a pathway depends on • Prevalence of the pest in country of origin • Probability of the pest surviving agriculture or commercial practices in country of origin • Occurrence of the pest in life stage associated with the commodity

  21. Association with pathway at origin • Probability of the pest being in/on a pathway depends on • Volume and frequency of movement along the pathway • Seasonal timing • Pest management and phytosanitary procedures applied in country of origin

  22. Survival during transport • Probability the pest will survive during transport should consider • Length of time in transport • Robustness of life stages present during transport or storage • Number of individuals, spores or propagules involved • procedures applied to consignments during transport (e.g. cold storage)

  23. Surviving existing management procedures • Existing phytosanitary measures need consideration • The probability that the pest will go undetected during inspection or survive other existing phytosanitary measures should be assessed • Measures applied against other pests should be assessed for possible effectiveness for pest in question

  24. Quarantine inspections

  25. Pest identification

  26. Transfer to suitable host • Probability of transfer to suitable host or habitat depends upon • Intended use of the commodity • Time of year at which import occurs • Distribution of pathway in time and space • Dispersal mechanisms (including vectors) • Proximity of entry, transit and destination points to suitable hosts or habitats

  27. Summary • Entry as part of the PRA process • What a pathway is • Identifying and describing pathways • Factors influencing entry • Origin, transport, transfer • Information sources

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