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BASICS OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT

Learn about energy units, demand components, natural gas measurements, HVAC efficiency, and energy accounting terms for better energy management. These resource materials were developed by the Kentucky Pollution Prevention Center at the University of Louisville for KEEPS – Kentucky Energy Efficiency Programs for Schools.

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BASICS OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT

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  1. BASICS OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT Section A - Energy Basics

  2. Basics of Energy Management These resource materials were developed by the Kentucky Pollution Prevention Center at the University of Louisville for KEEPS – Kentucky Energy Efficiency Programs for Schools – with support from the U.S. Department of Energy, and the Kentucky Department for Energy Development and Independence.

  3. Basics of Energy Management Electricity Units • Watt (W) Electrical unit of power • Kilowatt (kW) • Unit of power equivalent to 1,000 watts of electrical demand • Kilowatt-hour (kWh) • Amount of energy consumed when 1,000 watts are used for one hour

  4. Basics of Energy Management Electric Demand Components • Demand Period Time interval during which flow of electricity is measured (usually in 15-, 30- or 60-minute increments depending on rate structure) • Peak Demand • Highest average demand over the demand period in the billing period • Electric Load Factor (ELF) • Indicates if peak demand is high for the facility

  5. Basics of Energy Management Electric Demand Profile

  6. Basics of Energy Management Natural Gas Units • Btu: British thermal unit • MMBtu: Million British thermal unit • Btu/hr: British thermal unit per hour • CCF: Hundred cubic feet 10 CCF = 1 MMBtu • Dth: Dekatherm 1 dth = 1 MMBtu or ~10 CCF

  7. Horsepower (hp) = 745.6 watts Conversion – Apples to Apples • Basics of Energy Management • Motor hp = 2,545 Btu/hr • Boiler hp = 33,475 Btu/hr • Cooling ton = 12,000 Btu/hr • 1 kilowatt = 3,412.3 Btu/hr

  8. Efficiency Work done divided by work put into the system Efficiency Terms work out work in = % • Basics of Energy Management • Efficacy • Measure of performance using units • lumens/watt for lighting • kW/ton for chillers

  9. Coefficient of Performance (COP) Measurement of how efficiently a heating or cooling system operates at a single outdoor temperature condition Temperature condition for heat pumps = 47°F HVAC Efficiency – COP • Methods to calculate COP Heat PumpChiller Btu of heat produced (47◦F) • Btu of electricity used (47◦F) 3.516 kW/ton • Basics of Energy Management

  10. HVAC Efficiency – EER Btu/hr cooling at 95°F watts used at 95°F • Method to calculate EER • Basics of Energy Management • Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) • Measurement of how efficiently a cooling system operates when the outdoor temperature is at a specific level (95°F) • Commonly used when referring to: • air conditioners (window, unitary) • heat pumps (window, unitary, water-source, geothermal)

  11. Conversion - Apples to Apples Btu of cooling produced Wh of electricity used EER = Energy or heat output (total) Energy or heat input (external) COP = EER 3,412 Btu/Wh COP = • Basics of Energy Management

  12. HVAC Efficiency – SEER • Method to calculate SEER seasonal Btu of cooling seasonal watt-hours used • Basics of Energy Management • Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (SEER) • Measurement of how efficiently a residential central cooling system operates over an entire cooling season • air conditioner or heat pump • Not to be confused with EER • Split cooling system SEER must be greater than 13, effective 2006

  13. HVAC Efficiency – HSPF • Method to calculate HSPF Btu of heat produced over heating season watt-hours of electricity used over heating season • Basics of Energy Management • Heating Seasonal Performance Factor (HSPF) • Measurement of how efficiently all residential and some commercial heat pumps operate in their heating mode over an entire normal heating season

  14. HVAC Efficiency – AFUE • Method to calculate AFUE Btu of heat produced over heating season Btu of natural gas used over heating season • Basics of Energy Management • Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency (AFUE) • Measurement of how efficiently a gas furnace or boiler operates over an entire heating season • Percentage of energy consumed by system that is actually converted to useful heat • AFUE for most gas furnaces must be at least 78%

  15. Energy Accounting Terms • Basics of Energy Management • Energy Use Index (EUI): Btu/ft2/year • Use when tracking energy savings • Energy Cost Index (ECI): $/ft2/year • Use when comparing within your district • must be a small district with single utility provider

  16. 1 lb of coal burned produces 1 to 1.25 kWh Energy and the Environment • Basics of Energy Management • T12 (34W) upgrade to Super-T8 (32W) for 10 fixtures with four lamps per fixture *100 lb/yr of coal not burned*

  17. Electric Units – kW, kWh, peak demand, ELF Review of Energy Basics • Basics of Energy Management • Natural Gas Units – CCF, MMBtu, dth • HVAC Efficiency – COP, EER, SEER, HSPF, AFUE • Energy Accounting – EUI and ECI • Energy and the Environment • 1 lb coal burned produces about 1 to 1.25 kWh

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