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Understanding Chemical Bonds: Ionic and Covalent Bonding Concepts

Explore the fundamentals of ionic and covalent bonds, bond polarity, and electronegativity. Learn about different types of chemical bonds and their impact on molecular behavior. Dive into dipole moments and how polarity influences properties of compounds.

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Understanding Chemical Bonds: Ionic and Covalent Bonding Concepts

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  1. Objectives • To learn about ionic and covalent bonds and explain how they are formed - what holds compounds together? • To learn about the polar covalent bond – are all covalent bonds equal? • To understand the nature of bonds and their relationship to electronegativity – why some atoms form ionic and covalent compounds at different times • To understand bond polarity and how it is related to molecular polarity – how the bonds in a molecule impact how the molecule behaves   

  2. A. Types of Chemical Bonds • Bond – force that holds groups of atoms together and makes them function as a unit • Bond energy – energy required to break a chemical bond • Covalent and Ionic bonds are the strongest types Representations of the methane molecule

  3. (a) (b) A. Types of Chemical Bonds • Ionic Bonding • Ionic compound results when a metal reacts with a nonmetal

  4. A. Types of Chemical Bonds • Covalent Bonding • A covalent bond results when electrons are shared by nuclei

  5. Energy Released as H2 Molecule Forms

  6. A. Types of Chemical Bonds • Covalent Bonding • A polar covalent bond results when electrons are shared unequally by nuclei • One atom attracts the electrons more than the other atom

  7. A. Types of Chemical Bonds • Covalent Bonding • Gives rise to small or large molecules or 3-D structures Water molecule Naphthalene Part of a Protein Diamond

  8. B. Electronegativity • Electronegativity – the relative ability of an atom in a molecule to attract shared electrons to itself • Increases from left to right across a period • Decreases down a group of representative elements

  9. Electronegativity Values

  10. B. Electronegativity • The polarity of a bond depends on the difference between the electronegativity values of the atoms forming the bond

  11. B. Electronegativity

  12. C. Bond Polarity and Dipole Moments • A dipole moment results when a polar molecule has a center of positive charge separate from a center of negative charge

  13. C. Bond Polarity and Dipole Moments • Water molecule dipole moment

  14. C. Bond Polarity and Dipole Moments • The polarity of water affects its properties • Permits ionic compounds to dissolve in it • Causes water to remain liquid at higher temperature (boiling point is elevated)

  15. “Like Dissolves Like” • Polar compounds dissolve in polar liquids • Non-polar compounds dissolve in non-polar liquids Like Dissolves Like Video

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