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Smart Dust: Unique Low Power Flexible Sensor Networks

Smart Dust: Unique Low Power Flexible Sensor Networks. Maryland Sensor Network Group Neil Goldsman, Martin Peckerar, Quirino Balzano, Shuvra Bhattacharyya, Reza Ghodssi, Gilmer Blankenship Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Maryland College Park.

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Smart Dust: Unique Low Power Flexible Sensor Networks

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  1. Smart Dust: Unique Low Power Flexible Sensor Networks Maryland Sensor Network Group Neil Goldsman, Martin Peckerar, Quirino Balzano, Shuvra Bhattacharyya, Reza Ghodssi, Gilmer Blankenship Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Maryland College Park

  2. Outline: Focus on Hardware for Achieving Smart Dust Motes and Working Network • Overview • Power Efficient Micro RF Circuits • Digital Low Power Circuits and Networking • Ultra Small Antennas • Energy: Micro Super Capacitor-Battery • Energy Harvesting: RF & RF

  3. /power Overview: Smart Dust Hardware Smart Dust Node • Analog Transceiver • Microprocessor • Communication and Sensor Control • Decision making • Micro-Battery • Energy Harvesting • Micro-Antenna ~1mm Smart Dust Particle

  4. Low Power Transceiver Design Thomas Salter, Bo Yang, Bo Li, Yiming Zhai and Neil Goldsman

  5. Work Summary • Last January 2008 Review: • Tested 2.2GHz OOK receiver. • Successfully demodulated digital signal • Still required DC bias, integration with transmitter, integration with digital control, and integration with antenna. • Tested 2.2GHz OOK Transmitter: • Operated but frequency lower than expected. • Individual die components operated in accordance with design • Initial studies for benefits of FSK Transceiver began • Current February 2009 Review: • 2.2GHz OOK Receiver and Transmitter fabricated and operating as designed, communicating proved in test. • Integrated Transmitter and Receiver onto one chip, PCB test hardware developed • Improved isolation of transmitter and receiver • Designed bias circuits, under fabrication for 2.2GHz OOK receiver • Designed and fabricated and Tested: 2.2GHz FSK. • Designed and fabricated 10GHz LNA • Designed 20GHz FSK, under fabrication. • Designed 20GHz ASK, under fabrication. • Fabricated part COTS part custom Transceiver with 2cm footprint • Initial studies for UWB transceiver began.

  6. Communication between 2.2GHz TX-RX Layout Simplified Schematic Drawing TX RX Data rate: 20.16kHz (up to 300kHz) Yellow: RX output, -0.6 ~0.6V, AC coupling (x5 cable) Blue: TX fed-in data: 0~0.9V generated by function generator Measured results

  7. TX Power rail Control Switch RF Switch RX 2.2 GHz Transceiver with on chip Power Control switch

  8. 2.2GHz FSK Receiver using Ultra Low Power Mixer Mixer Receiver Test Results: • Signal at buffered osc • BFSK Input: 2.2GHz+8MHz freq modulation • 8MHz lock-in frequency (limited by signal generator) • Output of FM receiver. • FM Input: 2.2 GHz FM+1MHz modulation

  9. 20GHz Receivers 20 GHz ASK Receiver, under fabrication 20 GHz FM Receiver, under fabrication Can detect a 2MHz freq difference in 35MHz (20.719~20.754GHz) lock-in range Ultra Low Power mixer and amplifier

  10. OOK Receiver: Fabrication and Results fabricated utilizing 130 nm IBM process

  11. Improvement Over the Past Year 40 dB more sensitive while consuming almost 50% less power!

  12. Comparison to Other Receiver Designs Presented in the Literature More sensitive Better Less power Prior work by other in the field achieves excellent sensitivity OR very low power consumption. This work is unique in that it achieves BOTH.

  13. Digital/Low Power Design and Optimization for the Maryland Smart Dust Project Chung-Ching Shen, Roni Kupershtok, Shuvra Bhattacharyya and Neil Goldsman, with contributions from William Plishker February, 2009

  14. Design Flows for the Smart Dust Digital System Application development software Implementation using C Implementation using Verilog Design tool IAR Embedded Workbench Design tool Verilog Simulator (ModelSim) hardware Design tool FPGA Synthesis (Xilinx ISE) Compile source code to generate hex format output file Design tool Synopsys Synthesis FPGA platform MCU platform Floorplanning Placement Routing ASIC Download binary file to Xilinx FPGA Download hex file to hardware prototypes Fabrication

  15. ReceivePacket Design Summary for the Smart Dust Digital ASIC Application • Distributed Line-crossing Recognition (DLCR) Design summary • 8 major modules and12 sub modules for implementing DLCR algorithm and TDMA protocols • All the modules have been implemented with Verilog-HDL. • All the modules have been tested and verified with a FPGA developing platform. • I/O interfaces are designed for interacting with analog transceiver modules PacketFilter ClockCounter Control Unit PreSync Control S e n s e Core TransmitPacket 15

  16. Mixed-signal Integration for the Smart Dust Digital/Analog ASICs Analog transceiver modules Smart dust digital ASIC RX data RX control Digital ASIC TX control TX data

  17. Process: MOSIS AMI 0.5 µm Voltage: 5 V Target Freq: 20KHz Power : 1.2 mW Chip Size: 2.4 mm2 Pads: 40 (including test pins)‏ Fabricated Chip for the Smart Dust Digital ASIC Process: IBM 0.13 µm Voltage: 1.2 V Target Freq: 20KHz Power : 0.014 mW Chip Size: 1.0 mm2 Pads: 20 (including test pins)‏ Process: MOSIS AMI 0.5 µm Chip Size: 2.4 mm2 # of Transistors: ~ 30,000 17

  18. Testing Results for the Smart Dust Digital ASIC ASIC 0 transmits data to ASIC 1 via wired connection ASIC 1 ASIC 0: Transmitted data ASIC 1: Have received data and validated it ASIC 0 Data validation: ID must be matched as well as parallel bit check 18

  19. Generations for the Smart Dust Mote TX RX Fabrication Chip design 0.24cm 0.24cm Packaging Smart dust digital ASIC (microprocessor) Smart dust transceiver 0.2cm ASICs 0.2cm FPGA-MCU PCB design 4cm 1.2cm 3cm 1.4cm MCU 2cm MCU MCU 19

  20. Power and Size Comparison for Sensor Network Hardware Systems Mica2 [6] *Power: 117mW Size: 58X32X7mm Btnode [5] *Power: 105mW Size: 58X33mm Tmote Sky [2] *Power: 58.5mW Size: 32X80mm MicaZ [4] *Power: 88.2mW Size: 58X32X7mm Size SHIMMER [1] *Power: 54mW Size: 50X25X12.5mm SNoW5 [3] *Power: 73.1mW Size: 50X85mm Mica2Dot [7] *Power: 117mW Size: 25X6mm Smart Dust *Power: 4.8mW Size: 20X14X12mm Power *CPU on, Radio RX/TX on

  21. References [1] B. Kuris and T. Dishongh. SHIMMER Hardware Guide Rev 10, October 2006. (http://www.eecs.harvard.edu/~konrad/projects/shimmer/) [2] MoteivTmote Sky Datasheet, November 2006. (http://www.moteiv.com/) [3] M. Baunach, R. Kolla, and C. Muhlberger. Snow5: a modular platform for sophisticated real-time wireless sensor networking, Institut fur Informatik, University of Wuerzburg, Technical Report 399, January 2007. [4] MICAz Datasheet Rev A. Crossbow. (http://www.xbow.com/) [5] BTnode rev3 Hardware Reference. ETH Zurich. (http://www.btnode.ethz.ch/) [6] MICA2 Datasheet Rev A. Crossbow. (http://www.xbow.com/) [7] MICA2Dot Datasheet Rev A. Crossbow. (http://www.xbow.com/) 21

  22. Publications • Journal • C. Shen, R. Kupershtok, S. Adl, S. S. Bhattacharyya, N. Goldsman, and M. Peckerar. Sensor support systems for asymmetric threat countermeasures. IEEE Sensors Journal, 8(6):682-692, June 2008. • C. Shen, W. Plishker, D. Ko, S. S. Bhattacharyya, and N. Goldsman. Energy-driven distribution of signal processing applications across wireless sensor networks. Submitted to ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks. • Conference • C. Shen, W. Plishker, and S. S. Bhattacharyya. Design and optimization of a distributed, embedded speech recognition system. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Real-Time Systems, Miami, Florida, April 2008. • M. Peckerar, C. Shen, S. S. Bhattacharyya, and N. Goldsman. Integrated Multi-layer Design of Ad-Hoc Smart Small Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the Government Microcircuit Applications and Critical Technology Conference, Las Vegas, Nevada, March 2008. • C. Shen, W. Plishker, S. S. Bhattacharyya, and N. Goldsman. An energy-driven design methodology for distributing DSP applications across wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium, Tucson, Arizona, December 2007. • C. Shen, R. Kupershtok, S. S. Bhattacharyya, and N. Goldsman. Design and implementation of a device network application for distributed line-crossing recognition. Proceedings of the International Semiconductor Device Research Symposium, College Park, Maryland, December 2007. • C. Shen, R. Kupershtok, S. S. Bhattacharyya, and N. Goldsman. Design techniques for streamlined integration and fault tolerance in a distributed sensor system for line-crossing recognition. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Distributed Sensor Systems, Honolulu, Hawaii, August 2007. • C. Shen, R. Kupershtok, B. Yang, F. M. Vanin, X. Shao, D. Sheth, N. Goldsman, Q. Balzano, and S. S. Bhattacharyya. Compact, low power wireless sensor network system for line crossing recognition. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, New Orleans, Louisiana, May 2007. • C. Shen, C. Badr, K. Kordari, S. S. Bhattacharyya, G. L. Blankenship, and N. Goldsman. A rapid prototyping methodology for application-specific sensor networks. Proceedings of the IEEE International Workshop on Computer Architecture for Machine Perception and Sensing, Montreal, Canada, September 2006. 22

  23. Efficient Antennas for Motes Dimensions << λ/4 BO YANG, XI SHAO, Q. BALZANO AND NEIL GOLDSMAN

  24. Work summary • Last January 2008 Review: • Fabricated FICA for 2.2 GHz /2.4 GHz with 1.1 mm x 1.1 mm ground plane. • Tested 2.2 GHz FICA outdoor. • Measured FICA performance with in-house designed On-Off Keying (OOK) receiver • Developed circuit model of FICA • Expected 3D integration of transceiver, with lowest form factor in the world • Investigation of ground plane size effect under way • Current February 2009 Review: • Applied FICA circuit model into system design optimization. • Measured 916MHz and 2.2GHz FICA radiation pattern in Anechoic Chamber • Implemented 3D integrated transceiver, with world’s record low form factor. • Tested 20mm x 15 mm x 15 mm radio (including FICA, radio, sensor, battery, etc.)

  25. Short Review of ESAs • ESA is: • a radiating resonator • compact and efficient • minimum ohmic losses • short transmission line • To Radiate ESA: • Need large currents and large e-fields over the small volume (resonance) • Need impedance transformer to feed with 50  • Need low loss materials • ESA Plusses • Small volume • More room for electronics • Attractive product looks • High tech impression • Wide applicability • Low manufacturing cost • ESA Minuses • Adverse reactance (l or 1/c) • Low radiation resistance (m) • Low effiency (ohmic losses) • Narrow band • Low gain • Difficult to match to 50 

  26. An Efficient ESA: FICA (F-Inverted Compact Antenna) • Transmision line propagation constant k=ω√LC • Helical transmission line (high L) • Strong coupling to ground (high C) • Short helix resonant size • Minimum number of turns • Embedded reactive impedance transformer • Strong electric dipole radiation current

  27. 20mm 7mm 3.5mm 4mm 12mm 2.45GHz FICA Integrated with a Mote Exposed part is the antenna Full transceiver radio and battery is enclosed in the black box. Microphone sensor • The wave length at 2.45GHz is 12.24cm. • The dimension of 2.45GHz FICA is shown in the photo.

  28. FICA Radiation Pattern FICA tested in anechoic chamber, radiation pattern matches simulation.

  29. FICA vs. COMPETION

  30. FICA Equivalent Circuit for System Optimization

  31. FICA Publications • Patent: • B. Yang, F. Vanin, X. Shao, Q. Balzano, N. Goldsman, G. Metze, Low Profile F-Inverted Compact Antenna (FICA), filed by University of Maryland, Jun. 2007, patent pending. • Journal: • B. Yang, X. Shao, Q. Balzano, N. Goldsman, G. Metze, “916 MHz F-Inverted Compact Antenna (FICA) for highly integrated transceivers,”Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, to be published. • Conference: • B. Yang, X. Shao, Q. Balzano, N. Goldsman, “ Integration of small antennas for ultra small nodes in wireless sensor networks,” in IEEE International Semiconductor Device Research Symposium Dig. (ISDRS), College Park, MD. USA., Dec. 2007. • B. Yang, F. Vanin, C. Shen, X. Shao, Q. Balzano, N. Goldsman, C. Davis, “A low profile 916 MHz F-Inverted Compact Antenna (FICA) for wireless sensor networks,” in IEEE Antenna and Propagation International. Symposium. Dig., pp. 5419-5422, Honolulu, HI. USA., Jun. 9-15, 2007. • C-C. Shen, R. Kupershtok, B. Yang, F. Vanin, X. Shao, D. Sheth, N. Goldsman, Q. Balzano, S. S. Bhattacharyya, “Compact, low power wireless sensor network system for line crossing recognition,” in IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), pp. 2506-2509, New Oreland, LA. USA., May 27 -30, 2007.

  32. CONCLUSION • Extremely small antenna • High efficiency for size • Bandwidth compatible with theoretical q • Radiation: isotropic as possible • Performance better than or comparable to larger commercial antennas

  33. 433 MHzBody Antenna Q. Balzano, Bo Yang, Xi Shao, Neil Goldsman Presented in Classified Review

  34. Flexible Thin Film Battery/Supercapacitor Hybrid Power Sources Martin Peckerar, Yves Ngu, Zeynep Dilli, Mahsa Dornajafi, Kwangsik Choi, Myunghwan Park and Neil Goldsman Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742

  35. Project Goals To achieve a mechanically flexible power source that can conform to a range of surface topologies (electronic packaging material, bridge abutments, supporting struts, etc.) To create a galvanic cell/supercapacitor hybrid capable of long term, low power level sourcing as well as power “burst mode” operation To create a power supply that is more easily charged by RF (and mechanical energy scavenger) sources: e.g. , a cell that recharges at low (~1V) voltage To create an “environmentally safe” power source to eliminate the toxicity issues associated with lithium

  36. Basic Cell Cross Section Single cell Double stacked cell The electrolyte is made of a solution of ethylene glycol, ammonium hydroxide, boric acid + nitric acid OR phosphorus acid

  37. We Have Successfully Run Smart Motes with the RuOx Batteries

  38. We Have Demonstrated Low-Voltage RF charging

  39. We Have Demonstrated “Burst-Mode” Operation

  40. We Have Driven Flexible Electronics Platforms With the RuOx Cells

  41. Comparison of Thin Film Galvanic Cells

  42. Conclusions • WE HAVE DEMONSTRATED: • A FLEXIBLE THIN-FILM POWER SOURCE WITH GREATER STORAGE CAPACITY THAN ANY OTHER APPEARING IN THE LITERATURE • WE HAVE OPERATED THE “SMART DUST” MOTE IN FULL T/R MODE FOR OVER 4.5 MINUTES • THE CELL EXHIBITS INTERESTING “REGENERATION” BEHAVIOR • WE HAVE DEVELOPED A LOW VOLTAGE RECHARGING CELL • WE HAVE USE OUR CELL TO OPERATE FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS

  43. Future • Ultra Low Power Transceivers • Ultra Wide Band Radios • Broad Band Antennas • Dedicated Signal Processing & Digital Control • Batteries for Networks • Planar • Geometrically Configurable • Remote Chargeability

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