English Reformation

1. English Reformation

2. Causes of the Reformation in England 1. The Lollards, followers of John Wycliff, had never been stamped out, and had influenced on people through their religious movement during the fifteenth century. Their emphasis on the authority of the Scriptures and the need of a personal relation to Christ was revived with the emergence of the political reformation in England in the first quarter of the sixteenth century. In this 19th-century illustration, John Wycliffe is shown giving the Bible translation that bore his name to his Lollard followers.

3. Eighteen-year-old Henry VIII after his coronation in 1509 2. The rise of a middle class led to rising nationalism and greater power for them. The middle class and the ruler cooperated together against the older feudal nobility. King and middle class united in promoting the welfare of the land. Finally, Henry VIII, who opposed papal taxation and the control of land of England by the Roman church, when he decided to break with Rome, most of the middle class and the nation were united together to support him.

4. Erasmus of Rotterdam censored by the Index Librorum Prohibitorum 3. The biblical humanists or the Oxford reformers of Oxford University called attention to the failure of the Roman church and were anxious to bring about reform. Subsequently, William Tyndale and Miles Coverdale, who later made the Scripture available to the English people in their tongue, were also reformers. Tyndale’s translation from Erasmus’ Greek Testament was the first printed English New Testament.

5. 4. Luther’s writings were also circulated widely in England. Scholars at Oxford and Cambridge studied Luther’s Babylonian Captivity because of its criticism of the abuses of the Roman church. 5. The direct cause of the Anglican Reformation was the desire of Henry VIII of England to have a legitimate male heir. Henry and Catherine did have a son but he died early. In order to divorce her and to marry Anne Boleyn, Henry had to bring the Roman church in England under his control. Thus, Henry’s action became the direct and personal cause for the beginning of the Reformation in England.

6. Revolt from Rome Under Henry VIII (1509-1547) Henry VIII, who ruled from 1509 to 1547, had six wives. Catherine of Aragon (from Spain) Anne Boleyn Jane Seymour Anne of Cleves Catherine Howard Catherine Parr King Henry VIII by Hans Holbein the Younger, Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool.

7. Portrait by Lucas Hornebolte Catherine of Aragon (1) Catherine had been the wife of Henry’s brother Arthur. (2) Henry received a papal dispensation to marry his dead brother’s wife, Catherine. (3) Catherine bore Henry a daughter, Mary Tudor, but seemed unable to bear him a son. (4) Henry felt the need of a male heir, and fell in love with Anne Boleyn. (5) Henry asked for a papal dispensation to divorce Catherine, but it was refused, because the pope did not want to offend the Spanish who supported the papacy. (6) Henry finally proclaimed himself head of the church in England and persuaded religious leaders to grant the divorce. Portrait of a princess, possibly Catherine of Aragon, circa 1502, by Michael Sittow. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna

8. Anne Boleyn (1) Henry was attracted to the beautiful Anne Boleyn and married her. (2) Anne Boleyn bore him a daughter, Elizabeth. (3) Henry accused Anne of treason and had her executed. Late Elizabethan portrait of Anne Boleyn, possibly derived from a lost original of 1533–36. Anne Boleyn by Hans Holbein the Younger. Anne's sister Mary Boleyn

9. Jane Seymour (1) Jane Seymour bore Henry a son who became Edward VI. (2) Jane Seymour died after giving birth few days later. Portrait by Hans Holbein, Kunsthistorisches Museum Shadow Cast Portrait of Queen Jane Seymour. Believed to be painted during her short reign as Queen.

10. Anne of Cleves (1) There was no love between Henry and Anne of Cleves. (2) Henry sentenced to death the one who arranged his marriage with her. (3) Anne agreed and Henry bestowed her a title “sister of the king.” (4) She had good relationship with Mary and Elizabeth. Portrait of Anne in the 1540s by Bartholomäus Bruyn the elder Portrait by Hans Holbein the Younger, c. 1539. Oil and Tempera on Parchment mounted on canvas, Musée du Louvre, Paris.

11. Catherine Howard Catherine Howard was accused of treason and executed. The reason is because she committed adultery. Portrait miniature by Hans Holbein the Younger

12. Detail of Catherine's headdress and jewels. Catherine Parr She had a good relationship with Mary and Elizabeth. She was a rich and educated widow. Catherine Parr was the only wife of Henry who outlived him. The illustrious marble tomb of Catherine Parr, St. Mary's Chapel, Sudeley Castle The Melton Constable or Hastings portrait of Queen Catherine.

13. Henry VIII Henry was a handsome, generous, strong, cultured prince, who knew theology, was a good musician, and could speak Latin, French, and Spanish as well as English. It was Henry VIII who freed the church in England from the papacy and put it under royal control as a national church. King Henry VIII of England

14. The successors of Henry VIII Henry designated the order of succession (Act of Succession of 1544) to the throne as follows: 1. Edward who became Edward VI 2. Mary Tudor who ruled for several years 3. Elizabeth who became Elizabeth I and ruled for many years

15. Thomas Cranmer Thomas Cranmer (1489-1556) became Henry’s chief minister, and in 1533 Protestant Thomas Cranmer was made archbishop of Canterbury. Since then the Reformation was initiated in England by the lay authority of the ruler and Parliament. The Reformation Parliament ended papal control and monasticism. Portrait by Gerlach Flicke, 1545 Thomas Cromwell was the vicegerent acting as the main agent for the king over spiritual matters. Portrait by Hans Holbein, 1532–1533.

16. Six Articles The passage of the Six Articles by Parliament in 1539 was proof that Henry had broken only the ecclesiastical tie between the church in England and Rome. These Articles reaffirmed transubstantiation, Communion in one kind, celibacy, and auricular confession. In theology the Church of England remained true to Rome. One of the final drafts of the Six articles (1539), amended in King Henry VIII's own hand

17. Six Articles transubstantiation, the reasonableness of withholding of the cup from the laity during communion, clerical celibacy, observance of vows of chastity, permission for private masses, the importance of auricular confession

18. Ten Articles Henry made concessions to reform in 1536 by issuing the Ten Articles and by authorizing an English translation of the Bible. The Great Bible was issued in 1539 as a revision of the work of Tyndale and Coverdale. Cranmer wrote the preface. It was known as the “Chained Bible” because it was chained to its stand in many churches.

19. Ten Articles In summary, the Ten Articles asserted: The binding authority of the Bible, the three ecumenical creeds and the first four ecumenical councils The necessity of baptism for salvation, even in the case of infants (Art. II. says that "infants ought to be baptised" and that, dying in infancy, they "shall undoubtedly be saved thereby, and else not";' that the opinions of Anabaptists and Pelagians are "detestable heresies, and utterly to be condemned".) The sacrament of penance, with confession and absolution, which are declared "expedient and necessary" The substantial, real, corporal presence of Christ's body and blood under the form of bread and wine in the Eucharist Justification by faith, joined with charity and obedience The use of images in churches The honouring of saints and the Virgin Mary The invocation of saints The observance of various rites and ceremonies as good and laudable, such as clerical vestments, sprinkling of holy water, bearing of candles on Candlemas-day, giving of ashes on Ash Wednesday The doctrine of purgatory, and prayers for the dead in purgatory (made purgatory a non-essential doctrine)

20. Death of Henry VIII When Henry died, the Church of England was a national church with the ruler as its head, but it was Roman Catholic in doctrine. The Bible was available to the people in their own tongue. His son Edward was to carry out the Protestant phase of the Reformation that Henry had begun (between 1527 and 1547) Coffins of King Henry VIII (centre, damaged), Queen Jane (right), King Charles I with a child of Queen Anne (left), vault under the choir, St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, marked by a stone slab in the floor. 1888 sketch by Alfred Young Nutt, Surveyor to the Dean and Canons

22. Protestant Reformation under Edward VI (1547-1553) When he became the king of England, Edward VI was only nine years old. So his mother’s brother, the duke of Somerset, was appointed regent. Later, the duke of Northumberland succeeded him. Somerset helped Edward VI to institute changes that would make the Reformation in England religious and theological. For example, church services were to be in the common tongue, rather than in Latin. Edward VI, by William Scrots, c. 1550

23. Decisions in Edward’s Times In 1547 Parliament (1) granted the cup to the laity in the Communion service; (2) repealed treason and heresy laws and the Six Articles; and (3) legalized the marriage of priests in 1549. An Act of Uniformity in 1549 provided for the use of a Book of Common Prayer, which was the work of Cranmer. This book emphasized (1) the use of English in the services, (2) the reading of the Bible, and (3) the participation of the congregation in worship. The second edition (in 1552) reflected Calvinistic influences because of Bucer. The book, with slight modifications adopted in Elizabeth’s reign, is the same one that the Anglican Church has used since that time.

24. In 1553 the Forty-two Articles (later reduced to Thirty-nine Articles), which were somewhat Calvinistic in tone, were made the creed of the Anglican Church by royal assent. These Articles were based upon the prayer book. Thomas Cranmer, principal author of the Forty-Two Articles.

25. Roman Catholic Reaction under Mary Tudor (1553-1558) Mary Tudor was a strong Catholic like her mother, Catherine of Aragon. She married Philip II of Spain in 1554. Mary Tudor ruled at a time when the Catholic Counter-Reformation was in process. Mary forced Parliament to restore religious practices and to cancel changes that were made under Edward VI. Mary in 1544

26. “The Bloody Mary” Many Protestant leaders were forced to flee from England, and more than 275 (among them were Cranmer, Hugh Latimer, and Nicholas Ridley) were martyred under Mary Tudor. (So she is called “Bloody Mary”). Foxe’s Book of Martyrs (1563) recounted these persecutions and aroused sympathy for Protestantism. Portrait by Antonis Mor, 1554

27. The Reaction of the Protestant The people of England reacted against Mary’s extremes, as some had against the extreme changes under Edward VI. Therefore, the way was prepared for a compromise settlement with the accession of Elizabeth. Philip of Spain by Titian Mary at the time of her engagement to Charles V. She is wearing a rectangular brooch inscribed with "The Emperour" Mary and her husband, Philip

28. The Settlement under Elizabeth (1558-1603) When Elizabeth came to throne at the age of twenty-three, she faced many problems: 1. Mary Stuart had a valid claim to the throne. 2. Spain was ready to intervene to substantiate Philip’s claim to the English throne as the husband of the late Mary Tudor. 3. England was divided between Protestant and Roman Catholic views. 4. Elizabeth could hardly favor Catholicism because the marriage of Henry VIII and his mother (Anne Boleyn) was not recognized as valid by the Church The Lady Elizabeth in about 1546, by an unknown artist

29. The Wise Elizabeth The Pelican Portrait by Nicholas Hilliard. The pelican was thought to wound her breast to nourish her young, and became a symbol of Passion and Eucharist, adopted by Elizabeth portraying herself as the "mother of the Church of England." Elizabeth tried to have a moderate reformation that would avoid the extremes of either side and that would be acceptable to most of the people of England. Elizabeth I in her coronation robes, patterned with Tudor roses and trimmed with ermine.

30. Elizabeth as the head of the church In 1559 Elizabeth proclaimed herself “the only supreme governor of this realm” in spiritual and ecclesiastical, as well as temporal matters” in the Act of Supremacy. This gave less offense than that of “supreme head of the church,” which Henry VIII had insisted on. The "Hampden" portrait, by Steven van der Meulen, ca. 1563. This is the earliest full-length portrait of the queen, made before the emergence of symbolic portraits representing the iconography of the "Virgin Queen"

31. 42 Articles An Act of Uniformity in 1552 provided for the use of a Book of Common Prayer, which was originated in 1549, with only slight modifications. The Forty-two Articles were revised by the omission of articles that condemned antinomianism, Anabaptists, and millenarians until there were thirty-nine articles. And the Thirty-nine Articles were accepted by Parliament in 1563 as the creed of the Anglican Church. The creed, with slight modifications in 1571, has been the creed of the Anglican Church since that time.

32. Elizabeth and the Pope In 1570 Pope Pius V excommunicated Elizabeth because of the creed and asked for help from Philip of Spain to recover England for the Roman Church.

33. Elizabeth vs Philip II In 1588 Philip sent the Spanish Armada (a great fleet) to conquer England. However, the English fleet defeated the Spanish Armada. This victory established England as the champion of Protestantism in Europe and ended the control of Roman Catholic Church in England.

34. Death of Elizabeth, 24 March 1603 Elizabeth's funeral cortège, 1603, with banners of her royal ancestors Elizabeth as shown on her grave at Westminster Abbey.

35. At the end of Elizabeth’s reign The Reformation brought the Bible to the English people in their own tongue. England became the champion of Protestantism in Europe and aided the Dutch and French Calvinistic Protestants. A state church was established. An Irish revolt near the end of her reign taxed Elizabeth’s financial resources. The middle class created a new nobility. The abbots, who lost their monasteries, no longer met with the House of Lords. The defeat of Spain and the pope left the English rulers free to give attention to the problem of Puritanism. From 1567 to 1660 the Puritans were a dominant force in English domestic affairs. They sought to transform rather than overthrow the Anglican Church.