8th Information & Exchange Meeting on Actinide and Fission Product Partitioning and Transmutation

1. Expert Group onImpact of Advanced Nuclear Fuel Cycle Options on Waste Management PoliciesA joint NDC-RWMC undertaking, with NSC supportprogress report by J.M. Cavedon, chairperson 8th Information & Exchange Meeting on Actinide and Fission Product Partitioning and Transmutation Las Vegas, 9-11 November 2004 NDC/RWMC EG Impact

2. RWMC - Integrated Group for Safety Case statement • Conclusions of the IGSC Topical session”Potential Impacts of Partitioning and Transmutation on Long-term Waste Management and Disposal” 6 Nov 2002 • P&T will not eliminate the need for geological disposal of radioactive waste but has the potential to reduce volume, radiotoxicity and long-term heat production of the highest activity waste. • … • From the IGSC point of view, on the one hand no showstoppers for the new reactor concepts appeared even if there is not sufficient information on new waste types, on their characterisation, and especially on their long-term behaviour and in-situ performance. NDC/RWMC EG Impact

3. RWMC- Integrated Group for Safety Case statement • Few, if any, full system studies have been performed to get the larger potential impacts picture including costs. From the IGSC point of view it is necessary to perform comprehensive systems studies and not to restrict the considerations to inventories and heat production of the highest activity waste. • If a society is to understand the implications of introducing this technology in the future, it must also be informed by studies of all aspects of the endeavour important to society, such as cost, land and resource commitment, and worker and public safety • Suggested interaction between RWMC and NDC is highly recommended, especially on the last two points NDC/RWMC EG Impact

4. Mandate of the Expert Group „Impact“ • The study would aim at analysing a range of future fuel cycle options from the perspective of their impact on waste repository demand and specification. The study would focus on: • Assessment of the characteristics of radioactive wastes arising from advanced nuclear fuel cycle options. • Repository performance analysis studies using source terms for waste arising from such advanced nuclear fuel cycles. • Identification of new options for waste management and disposal. • Mandate approved both by NDC and IGSC NDC/RWMC EG Impact

5. Complete Fuel cycles include all waste HLW, ILW, LLW NDC/RWMC EG Impact

6. Working Group 1, fuel cycle scenarios • WG1 defines the fuel cycles to be studied and the material flow sheets to be produced (mass flows, composition and radiotoxicity) including time scales to be considered. • Servais PILATE, BE • Peter WYDLER, CH • Alain ZAETTA, FR, Chair • Marc DELPECH, FR • Tetsuo IKEGAMI, JP • Jae-Hyung YOO, KO • Anatoly LUKINYHK, RU • Jose Enrique GONZALEZ, SP • Armando URIARTE, SP • Colin ZIMMERMAN, UK • Michel HUGON, EU • Enric PLA, EU • Rudolf BURCL, IAEA NDC/RWMC EG Impact

7. Working Group 2,waste and repositories • WG2 mainly based on the work of the first group will define of waste management aspects to be studied; such as amount and nature of wastes (LLW, ILW, vitrified, new waste forms), chemical toxicity, time scale to be considered. • Jan MARIVOET, BE • Peter WYDLER, CH • Ludger LAMBERS, DE • Aleksandra SCHWENK-FERRERO, DE • Jean-Marc CAVEDON, F and CH, chair • Marku ANTTILA, FI • Mario DIONISI, IT • Kwan Sik CHUN, KO • Armando URIARTE, SP • Samantha KING, UK • Rudolf BURCL, IAEA • Jose Luis GONZALEZ GOMEZ, IAEA NDC/RWMC EG Impact

8. Working Group 3, economics and integration • WG3 defines what kind of economical and feasibility studies will be performed. An important task for this working group is to integrate the relevant and available information. • Bill HALSEY, USA, chair • Christine LOAEC, FR • Leroy STEWART, USA • Kwang Seok LEE, NEA and KO • Timo HAAPALEHTO, NEA NDC/RWMC EG Impact

9. 12 countries Belgium Finland France Germany Italy Japan Korea Russia Spain Switzerland United Kingdom United States of America 2 international organisations IAEA European Union Parties interested in the EG „Impact“ NDC/RWMC EG Impact

10. Fuel cycle scenarios • 3 families of increasing recycling capability • Current industrial technology and extension • 1a open cycle • 1b Pu monorecycle in PWR • 1c Pu and Np monorecycle in PWR • 1d Dupic in PWR + Candu • Partially closed fuel cycle • 2a Pu multirecycle in PWR • 2b Pu and Am multirecycle in PWR • 2c Pu and Am mutirecycle in PWR+FR • Fully closed fuel cycle • 3a TRU multirecycle in FR • 3b all An burnt in double strata with ADS • 3c all An recycle in FR NDC/RWMC EG Impact

11. Current industrial technology and extension NDC/RWMC EG Impact

12. Cycle 1c : (Pu + Np) mono-recycle in PWR NDC/RWMC EG Impact

13. Fuel cycle scenarios • 3 families of increasing recycling capability • Current industrial technology and extension • 1a open cycle • 1b Pu monorecycle in PWR • 1c Pu and Np monorecycle in PWR • 1d Dupic in PWR + Candu • Partially closed fuel cycle • 2a Pu multirecycle in PWR • 2b Pu and Am multirecycle in PWR • 2c Pu and Am mutirecycle in PWR+FR • Fully closed fuel cycle • 3a TRU multirecycle in FR • 3b all An burnt in double strata with ADS • 3c all An recycle in FR NDC/RWMC EG Impact

14. Partially closed fuel cycle NDC/RWMC EG Impact

15. Cycle 2a : Pu multirecycled in PWR NDC/RWMC EG Impact

16. Fuel cycle scenarios • 3 families of increasing recycling capability • Current industrial technology and extension • 1a open cycle • 1b Pu monorecycle in PWR • 1c Pu and Np monorecycle in PWR • 1d Dupic in PWR + Candu • Partially closed fuel cycle • 2a Pu multirecycle in PWR • 2b Pu and Am multirecycle in PWR • 2c Pu and Am mutirecycle in PWR+FR • Fully closed fuel cycle • 3a TRU multirecycle in FR • 3b all An burnt in double strata with ADS • 3c all An recycle in FR NDC/RWMC EG Impact

17. Fully closed fuel cycle NDC/RWMC EG Impact

18. Cycle 3b : double strata NDC/RWMC EG Impact

19. Cycle 3c var1 : all An recycled in a Gas Cooled FR NDC/RWMC EG Impact

20. Complete Fuel cycles include all waste HLW, ILW, LLW NDC/RWMC EG Impact

21. Complete fuel cycles : provide HLW, ILW AND LLW waste streams for • Partitioning plants 7 types • Fuel fabrication plants 7 types • Encapsulation & Conditioning plants 7 types • Front end flows : 2 types Unat, Uenriched, Udepleted • Back-end facilities : 5 types storage, decay storage and disposal • Decommissioning waste for all plants • Chemical toxicity • Reactors : not direct waste producers 6 types NDC/RWMC EG Impact

22. Partitioning plants (7 types) • P1 PUREX • P2 UREX+ • P3a PYRO metal fuel • P3b PYRO nitride fuel • P3c PYRO carbide fuel • P4 Advanced PUREX • P5 Fission products separation NDC/RWMC EG Impact

23. Fuel fabrication plants (7 types) • FP1 Oreox • FP2 Fission product targets • FP3 Actinide targets • FP4 Oxide fuel • FP5 Nitride fuel • FP6 Carbide particle fuel • FP7 Metal fuel NDC/RWMC EG Impact

24. Encapsulation plants (7 types) • E1 Spent fuel • E2 Transmutation targets • E3 Spallation targets • E4 HLW • E5 ILW • E6 LLW • E7 Metals NDC/RWMC EG Impact

25. Front-end flows • U1 Residual uranium, mass flows • U2 Residual uranium, possible options NDC/RWMC EG Impact

26. Back-end facilities (5 types) • DS Decay storage (heat decay of Cs, Sr, …) • S Storage • D1 Disposal of spent fuel • D2 High heat load waste • D3 Cooled waste NDC/RWMC EG Impact

27. Other boxes • DW Decommissioning wastes • CT Chemical Toxicity • Reactors (6 types) : no direct waste produced • PWR • Candu • FR • ADS • GCFR • LMFR NDC/RWMC EG Impact

28. Integration path for all data via costs • After some iterations, choice of a basic integration approach and of a tool • 1 table of unit costs: 89 costs over 5 categories : • General, reactors, fuels, reprocessing, waste disposal • Per cost : lower bound, avg, upper bound provide basis for sensitivity analysis • Estimated from established costs when available and relative comparisons elsewhere • All cost normalized to the service rendered, in TWHe • 1 Excel sheet per fuel cycle flowchart (K. S. Lee) • All process boxes deliver primary and secondary flows • Flows characterized by mass, volume, activity, heat load and cost NDC/RWMC EG Impact

29. NDC/RWMC EG Impact

30. Scheme 3b upper left part NDC/RWMC EG Impact

31. Scheme 3b lower left part NDC/RWMC EG Impact

32. Connections to NSC-WPFC-WGFS • The WGFS covers all spent fuel separation technologies (aqueous and pyro) • The WGFS has answered positively to our request of quantifying/estimating the composition and character of the separation products for ... • The new WP structure of the Nuclear Science Committee of NEA, • Has installed a Workimg Party for scientific issues of the Fuel Cycle WPFC • That has set up a Working Group on Flowsheet Studies WGFS NDC/RWMC EG Impact

33. Help from NSC-WPFC-WGFS • Flowsheets to be studied by WGFS • Oxide : • Purex standard, extended and advanced, Urex+2 • Pyrox, Dimitrovgrad dry, fluoride, Criepi • Coated particle fuel • Metallic • Nitride • Molten salt • Composition and volume by ton of reference fuel • Recycle material • HLW • LLW • ILW • ... by end December 2004 NDC/RWMC EG Impact

34. Performance assessments of repositories (1) • 2 Fuel cycle scenarios retained for detailed analysis • 2a Pu mono-recycled in PWR • 3cvar1 All An recycled in GCFR • Contrast should be maximal, other scenarios analysed as trends • 2 Fission product managements variants • Cs and Sr cooldown 5, 50, 200 and 1000 years • Orient cycle = maximal recycle of FP • Host rocks • Clay • Salt • Granite (volunteeers are welcome) • Tuff (volunteers are welcome) NDC/RWMC EG Impact

35. Performance assesssments of repositories (2) • Study of normal operation • Possibly loss of one major barrier • Based on publicly available repository PA • UK NIREX • CH NAGRA Opalinus Clay • BE SAFIR Boom Clay • FI TILA-99 Granite • ... NDC/RWMC EG Impact

36. Status of EG Impact as of today • All scenarios regarding the recycled material flows are ready • Qualitative and most quantative information regarding losses is gathered • Some quantîtative information is still missing, mainly on losses from advanced reprocessing concepts • Support from NDC on advanced reprocessing concepts is imminent NDC/RWMC EG Impact

37. Conclusion • Performance assessments are outlined and under way • Cost are available, with sizeable uncertainties • Integration tool is ready • Next meeting in Madrid, December 1st, should bring together most (all ?) the pieces of the puzzle • Final report is foreseen by summer 2005 NDC/RWMC EG Impact