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Introduction to Stuttering

Introduction to Stuttering. What is fluency? What is stuttering? How does it develop?. What is “fluency”?. From the latin fluere, which means “easy flow” Starkweather (1986) suggests these basic elements of fluency: Rate of utterance Continuity from one speech movement to another

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Introduction to Stuttering

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  1. Introduction to Stuttering What is fluency? What is stuttering? How does it develop?

  2. What is “fluency”? • From the latin fluere, which means “easy flow” • Starkweather (1986) suggests these basic elements of fluency: • Rate of utterance • Continuity from one speech movement to another • Rhythm or pattern of intonation of utterance • Effort of the utterance, physical and mental

  3. What is stuttering? Defined as: Abnormally high frequency or duration of stoppages in the forward flow of speech affecting its continuity, rhythm, rate and effortfulness.

  4. Core behaviors • Repetitions • PW • WW • Phrase • Prolongations • Vowel or consonant • Blocks • Between word or within-word • Respiratory, laryngeal or articulatory

  5. Secondary behaviors Reactions to the “core” behaviors: Escape behaviors: eye blinks, head nods, other physical concommitants Avoidance behaviors: circumlocution, substitutional word avoidances; situation avoidances

  6. Feelings and attitudes • Gradual increase in negative feelings about themselves and about speaking • Some people who stutter will project their feelings on to other people (They think that I’m stupid cause I can’t talk!)

  7. Disabled or handicapped? • Disability • A disability exists when an impairment limits a person’s ability to perform certain tasks • Handicap • A handicap is a problem or disadvantage that a person with a disability encounters when interacting with the environment

  8. General facts of stuttering • Stutterers, or People Who Stutter? • Prevalence (1%) and incidence (5%) • Difference in each is due to spontaneous recovery • Thematic Analysis of Late Recovery from Stuttering – AJSLP May 2003 • Males stutter more than females at a ratio of about 3:1 • Occurs in all races and cultures

  9. Features of stuttering • PWS are able to predict the words on which they will be disfluent • PWS consistently stutter on the same words or sounds • PWS, when asked to read a passage 6 or 7 times, stutter less on each reading

  10. Linguistic features of stuttered speech • Adults stutter more frequently on: • Consonants • Initial position of words • In contextual speech, not isolated words • On content words, not function words • On longer, more complex words • Near the beginning of sentences • On stressed syllables

  11. Stuttering is conditional to situations Fluency Inducing: Stuttering inducing: Speaking alone Speaking under time pressure Speaking to an animal Speaking in groups Speaking to someone younger Speaking to an authority figure Singing Speaking with listener interruptions Speaking in slow, prolonged Speaking “on demand” manner

  12. A look at several PWS • Ashley – page 7 • Katherine – page 9 • David – page 10 • Sergio – page 11

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