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I nstituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México Department of Industrial Engineering and Operations

LCA/LCM 2004 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON LCA AND LCM. APPLYING LIFE CYCLE TOOLS AND PROCESS ENGINEERING TO DETERMINE THE MOST ADEQUATE TREATMENT PROCESS CONDITIONS. A TOOL IN ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY. Dr. Omar Romero-Hernandez oromero@itam.mx. I nstituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México

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I nstituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México Department of Industrial Engineering and Operations

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  1. LCA/LCM 2004 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON LCA AND LCM APPLYING LIFE CYCLE TOOLS AND PROCESS ENGINEERING TO DETERMINE THE MOST ADEQUATE TREATMENT PROCESS CONDITIONS. A TOOL IN ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY. Dr. Omar Romero-Hernandez oromero@itam.mx Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México Department of Industrial Engineering and Operations México D.F., MEXICO

  2. CONTENTS 1.- BACKGROUND 2.- PROBLEM 3.- FRAMEWORK 4.- CASE STUDY Wastewater Technology (Activated Carbon) 5.- CONCLUSIONS Dr. Omar Romero oromero@itam.mx LCA/LCM 2004 Seattle, USA

  3. BACKGROUND Process Design and Discharge Regulations Discharge ! Product Waste Stream Process Raw Abatement System Materials Technology Dr. Omar Romero oromero@itam.mx LCA/LCM 2004 Seattle, USA

  4. PROBLEM STATEMENT Economic and Environmental Impact of Wastewater Technologies • HOW TO DECIDE BETWEEN DIFFERENT OPERATING CONDITIONS ON A GIVEN TECHNOLOGY, IN ORDER TO: • MINIMIZE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT? • AVOID EXCESIVE TREATMENT COSTS? • HOW TO INCORPORATE THIS INSIGHT AS A TOOL FOR ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ? Dr. Omar Romero oromero@itam.mx LCA/LCM 2004 Seattle, USA

  5. FRAMEWORK Analysis of Abatement Technologies GWP INPUTS NOx T POC e SOx • Electricity c CO • Steam 2 h CO CAV • Steel n o l o X out Hazard g WASTE STREAM y ENVIRONMENTAL FUNCTION TECHNOLOGY FUNCTION Dr. Omar Romero oromero@itam.mx LCA/LCM 2004 Seattle, USA

  6. FRAMEWORK Technology Function: GWP INPUTS NOx T POC e SOx • Electricity c CO • Steam 2 h CO CAV • Steel n o l o X out Hazard g WASTE STREAM y ENVIRONMENTAL FUNCTION TECHNOLOGY FUNCTION Mass and Energy Balances Equipment Size Operating conditions Inputs Requirements Cost Estimation Technology Function: Dr. Omar Romero oromero@itam.mx LCA/LCM 2004 Seattle, USA

  7. FRAMEWORK Environmental Function . . . EIHC, EINO EHC ENO . . . Environmental Impact (EI): EI = • Metrics: • Photochemical Ozone • Global Warming • Ozone Depletion, etc. Dr. Omar Romero oromero@itam.mx LCA/LCM 2004 Seattle, USA

  8. FRAMEWORK Traditional Analysis of Abatement Technologies Steam Total Emissions Natural Sources Electricity Abatement Technology Steel Dr. Omar Romero oromero@itam.mx LCA/LCM 2004 Seattle, USA

  9. FRAMEWORK Life Cycle Analysis for Abatement Technologies Steam Total Emissions Natural Sources Electricity Abatement Technology Steel Dr. Omar Romero oromero@itam.mx LCA/LCM 2004 Seattle, USA

  10. CASE STUDY 2 WASTEWATER STREAMS: -10 m3/hr and 1,000 ppm of 1-2 Dichloroethane (DCE) -10 m3/hr and 1,000 ppm of Bencene 1 TECHNOLOGY: - Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption (GAC) Dr. Omar Romero oromero@itam.mx LCA/LCM 2004 Seattle, USA

  11. CASE STUDY Mathematical Model Removal Efficiencies, h Optimum, x Impact Parameters, z Inlet Streams Min Cost (x,z) s.t. h(x,z)=0 g(x,z)<0 CO2 (x,h) NO2 (x,h) CO (x,h) HC (x,h) VOC (x,h) Dr. Omar Romero oromero@itam.mx LCA/LCM 2004 Seattle, USA

  12. GRANULAR ACTIVATED CARBON (GAC) Water Fresh GAC Wastewater with VOC Clean Water Water Spent GAC Dr. Omar Romero oromero@itam.mx LCA/LCM 2004 Seattle, USA

  13. DCE PROCESS ENGINEERING: MODELLING AND SIMULATING GAC PERFORMANCE Benzene 1.0 1.0 GAC Process Cin Column 2 Column 1 Column 1 / 0.5 Cin Cout / Cout 0.0 0.5 0 40 80 160 240 Time (h) 0.0 0 240 20 40 60 80 120 160 200 a a’ Time (h) d 1.0 1.0 GAC Process Cin Column 1 Column 2 Column 1 / 0.5 Cout Cin / 0.0 Cout 0.5 0 40 80 100 140 Time (h) 0.0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 60 b b’ Time (h) d Dr. Omar Romero oromero@itam.mx LCA/LCM 2004 Seattle, USA

  14. Benzene DCE PROCESS ENGINEERING: COST MODEL OF THE GAC PROCESS Total Cost (£/yr) 459,120 511,470 Capital Cost (£/yr) 103,550 100,730 Operating Cost (£/yr) 355,560 410,740 Cost of Adsorbers (£/yr) 30,640 27,235 Height (m) 2.617 2.267 Diameter (m) 1.614 1.614 Cost of Storage Tanks (£/yr) 57,198 58,947 Cost of Feed Pump and Eductors (£/yr) 6,825 6,646 Cost of GAC (£/yr) 352,580 407,500 GAC (kg/yr) 248,296 286,971 Load Ratio kgVOC/kgGAC 0.328 0.284 Cost of Electricity (£/yr) 2,721 2,852 Electricity (kw.hr/yr) 54,420 57,040 Cost of Water (£/yr) 260 384 Dr. Omar Romero oromero@itam.mx LCA/LCM 2004 Seattle, USA

  15. LCA AND PROCESS ENGINEERING: GENERATING INVENTORY OF EMISSIONS FROM THE GAC PROCESS MODEL A. Raw Materials B. Production C. Use D. Regeneration H2O GAC Coal GAC GAC + VOC Wood Coke CO2, CO, NO2, SO2, H2O, H2S Dr. Omar Romero oromero@itam.mx LCA/LCM 2004 Seattle, USA

  16. H2O vap 0.5g H2O 0.5g H2O 0.3g Coal D D H1 H2 0.3g Coal 0.3g Coal 0.1g Wood 0.1g Wood 0.1g Wood 0.1g Coke 0.1g Coke 0.1g Coke 25°C 100°C 100°C H3 D CO2+H2O 0.2g Coal 0.3g Coal D H4 0.05g Wood 0.1g Wood 0.05g Coke 0.1g Coke 600°C 600°C LCA AND PROCESS ENGINEERING: PRODUCTION OF GAC AT 30% CONVERSION OF RAW MATERIALS - MASS AND ENERGY BALANCES - Dr. Omar Romero oromero@itam.mx LCA/LCM 2004 Seattle, USA

  17. INVENTORY OF EMISSIONS H2S CO2 CO N2O NO2 HC SO2 GAC (Regeneration) GAC (Use) GAC (Production) GAC (Raw Mat.) 1.E+00 1.E+02 1.E+04 1.E+06 1.E+08 mg Pollutant/kg GAC Dr. Omar Romero oromero@itam.mx LCA/LCM 2004 Seattle, USA

  18. Environmental Impact POC as a function of % of re-used carbon (GAC) 1.E+14 1.E+12 1.E+10 1.E+08 1.E+06 POC (mg Ethylene-eq./yr) Benzene 1.E+04 DCE 1.E+02 1.E+00 0 25 50 75 100 % GAC re-used Dr. Omar Romero oromero@itam.mx LCA/LCM 2004 Seattle, USA

  19. Environmental Impact GWP as a function of % of re-used carbon (GAC) ) 1.E+12 yr ./ 1.E+10 eq 1.E+08 1.E+06 Benzene 1.E+04 GWP (mg CO2- DCE 1.E+02 1.E+00 0 25 50 75 100 c % GAC re-used Dr. Omar Romero oromero@itam.mx LCA/LCM 2004 Seattle, USA

  20. ECONOMICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT POC as a function of process cost 1.E+13 Untreated DCE Discharge 1.E+12 Untreated Benzene Discharge . ) 1.E+11 GAC: 100% yr ./ eq 1.E+10 GAC: 100% 1.E+09 POC (mg Ethylene- 1.E+08 1.E+00 0 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000 600000 700000 Total Cost (£/yr) Dr. Omar Romero oromero@itam.mx LCA/LCM 2004 Seattle, USA

  21. ECONOMICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT GWP as a function of process cost 1.E+13 GAC: 100% ) 1.E+12 yr GAC: 100% ./ Untreated DCE Discharge eq Untreated Benzene Discharge 1.E+11 1.E+10 GWP (mg CO2- 1.E+09 1.E+00 0 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000 600000 700000 Total Cost (£/yr) Dr. Omar Romero oromero@itam.mx LCA/LCM 2004 Seattle, USA

  22. DISCUSSION • FRAMEWORK • It is very case specific • Assumes a linear relationship between emissions and environmental impact • PROCESS ENGINEERING? • A powerful tool to design cost effective and environmental concious processes • Comproimise between industry and legislators • HOW TO DECIDE ON BEST OPERATING CONDITIONS? • Capital and Operating Costs • Environmental Impact • Simulation and case scenario analyses Dr. Omar Romero oromero@itam.mx LCA/LCM 2004 Seattle, USA

  23. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Financial support from CONSEJO NACIONAL DE CIENCIA y TECNOLOGÍA (CONACyT - MEXICO) through completion of this work is highly appreciated. Comments and feedback from Prof. Andrew G. Livingston and Prof. Efstratios Pistikopoulos from the Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemical Technology, Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, UK through this research are highly appreciated. Dr. Omar Romero oromero@itam.mx LCA/LCM 2004 Seattle, USA

  24. LCA/LCM 2004 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON LCA AND LCM APPLYING LIFE CYCLE TOOLS AND PROCESS ENGINEERING TO DETERMINE THE MOST ADEQUATE TREATMENT PROCESS CONDITIONS. A TOOL IN ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY. Dr. Omar Romero-Hernandez oromero@itam.mx Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México Department of Industrial Engineering and Operations México D.F., MEXICO

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